Open Access

ARTICLE

A Hybrid CNN-Brown-Bear Optimization Framework for Enhanced Detection of URL Phishing Attacks

Brij B. Gupta^1,*, Akshat Gaurav², Razaz Waheeb Attar³, Varsha Arya⁴, Shavi Bansal⁵, Ahmed Alhomoud⁶, Kwok Tai Chui⁷

1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
2 Computer Engineering, Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
3 Management Department, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Business Administration, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
5 Department of Research and Innovation, Insights2Techinfo, Jaipur, 302001, India
6 Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, 91431, Saudi Arabia
7 Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Hong Kong Metropolitan University (HKMU), Hong Kong, China

* Corresponding Author: Brij B. Gupta. Email: