Open Access

ARTICLE

Integrated Energy-Efficient Distributed Link Stability Algorithm for UAV Networks

by Altaf Hussain¹, Shuaiyong Li², Tariq Hussain³, Razaz Waheeb Attar⁴, Farman Ali^5,*, Ahmed Alhomoud⁶, Babar Shah⁷

1 School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
2 Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
3 School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
4 Management Department, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Applied AI, School of Convergence, College of Computing and Informatics, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 03063, Republic of Korea
6 Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, 91431, Saudi Arabia
7 College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai, 19282, United Arab Emirates

* Corresponding Author: Farman Ali. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2024, 81(2), 2357-2394. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2024.056694

Received 28 July 2024; Accepted 06 September 2024; Issue published 18 November 2024

Abstract

Ad hoc networks offer promising applications due to their ease of use, installation, and deployment, as they do not require a centralized control entity. In these networks, nodes function as senders, receivers, and routers. One such network is the Flying Ad hoc Network (FANET), where nodes operate in three dimensions (3D) using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that are remotely controlled. With the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), these nodes form an IoT-enabled network called the Internet of UAVs (IoU). However, the airborne nodes in FANET consume high energy due to their payloads and low-power batteries. An optimal routing approach for communication is essential to address the problem of energy consumption and ensure energy-efficient data transmission in FANET. This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient routing protocol named the Integrated Energy-Efficient Distributed Link Stability Algorithm (IEE-DLSA), featuring a relay mechanism to provide optimal routing with energy efficiency in FANET. The energy efficiency of IEE-DLSA is enhanced using the Red-Black (R-B) tree to ensure the fairness of advanced energy-efficient nodes. Maintaining link stability, transmission loss avoidance, delay awareness with defined threshold metrics, and improving the overall performance of the proposed protocol are the core functionalities of IEE-DLSA. The simulations demonstrate that the proposed protocol performs well compared to traditional FANET routing protocols. The evaluation metrics considered in this study include network delay, packet delivery ratio, network throughput, transmission loss, network stability, and energy consumption.

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Keywords

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