Open Access

ARTICLE

Adaptive Video Dual Domain Watermarking Scheme Based on PHT Moment and Optimized Spread Transform Dither Modulation

Yucheng Liang^1,2,*, Ke Niu^1,2,*, Yingnan Zhang^1,2, Yifei Meng^1,2, Fangmeng Hu^1,2

1 College of Cryptographic Engineering, Engineering University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Xi’an, 710086, China
2 Key Laboratory of Information Security of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Engineering University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Xi’an, 710086, China

* Corresponding Authors: Yucheng Liang. Email: ; Ke Niu. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2024, 81(2), 2457-2492. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2024.056438

Received 23 July 2024; Accepted 20 September 2024; Issue published 18 November 2024

Abstract

To address the challenges of video copyright protection and ensure the perfect recovery of original video, we propose a dual-domain watermarking scheme for digital video, inspired by Robust Reversible Watermarking (RRW) technology used in digital images. Our approach introduces a parameter optimization strategy that incrementally adjusts scheme parameters through attack simulation fitting, allowing for adaptive tuning of experimental parameters. In this scheme, the low-frequency Polar Harmonic Transform (PHT) moment is utilized as the embedding domain for robust watermarking, enhancing stability against simulation attacks while implementing the parameter optimization strategy. Through extensive attack simulations across various digital videos, we identify the optimal low-frequency PHT moment using adaptive normalization. Subsequently, the embedding parameters for robust watermarking are adaptively adjusted to maximize robustness. To address computational efficiency and practical requirements, the unnormalized high-frequency PHT moment is selected as the embedding domain for reversible watermarking. We optimize the traditional single-stage extended transform dithering modulation (STDM) to facilitate multi-stage embedding in the dual-domain watermarking process. In practice, the video embedded with a robust watermark serves as the candidate video. This candidate video undergoes simulation according to the parameter optimization strategy to balance robustness and embedding capacity, with adaptive determination of embedding strength. The reversible watermarking is formed by combining errors and other information, utilizing recursive coding technology to ensure reversibility without attacks. Comprehensive analyses of multiple performance indicators demonstrate that our scheme exhibits strong robustness against Common Signal Processing (CSP) and Geometric Deformation (GD) attacks, outperforming other advanced video watermarking algorithms under similar conditions of invisibility, reversibility, and embedding capacity. This underscores the effectiveness and feasibility of our attack simulation fitting strategy.

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Keywords

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