Open Access

ARTICLE

Software Defect Prediction Method Based on Stable Learning

by Xin Fan^1,2,3, Jingen Mao^2,3,*, Liangjue Lian^2,3, Li Yu¹, Wei Zheng^2,3, Yun Ge^2,3

1 College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210012, China
2 School of Software, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330029, China
3 Software Testing and Evaluation Center, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330029, China

* Corresponding Author: Jingen Mao. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2024, 78(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.045522

Received 29 August 2023; Accepted 03 November 2023; Issue published 30 January 2024

Abstract

The purpose of software defect prediction is to identify defect-prone code modules to assist software quality assurance teams with the appropriate allocation of resources and labor. In previous software defect prediction studies, transfer learning was effective in solving the problem of inconsistent project data distribution. However, target projects often lack sufficient data, which affects the performance of the transfer learning model. In addition, the presence of uncorrelated features between projects can decrease the prediction accuracy of the transfer learning model. To address these problems, this article propose a software defect prediction method based on stable learning (SDP-SL) that combines code visualization techniques and residual networks. This method first transforms code files into code images using code visualization techniques and then constructs a defect prediction model based on these code images. During the model training process, target project data are not required as prior knowledge. Following the principles of stable learning, this paper dynamically adjusted the weights of source project samples to eliminate dependencies between features, thereby capturing the “invariance mechanism” within the data. This approach explores the genuine relationship between code defect features and labels, thereby enhancing defect prediction performance. To evaluate the performance of SDP-SL, this article conducted comparative experiments on 10 open-source projects in the PROMISE dataset. The experimental results demonstrated that in terms of the F-measure, the proposed SDP-SL method outperformed other within-project defect prediction methods by 2.11%–44.03%. In cross-project defect prediction, the SDP-SL method provided an improvement of 5.89%–25.46% in prediction performance compared to other cross-project defect prediction methods. Therefore, SDP-SL can effectively enhance within- and cross-project defect predictions.

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Keywords

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