Open Access

ARTICLE

Intelligent Systems and Photovoltaic Cells Empowered Topologically by Sudoku Networks

Khalid Hamid¹, Muhammad Waseem Iqbal², M. Usman Ashraf³, Akber Abid Gardezi⁴, Shafiq Ahmad⁵, Mejdal Alqahtani⁵, Muhammad Shafiq^6,*

1 Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
2 Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
3 Department of Computer Science, GC Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
4 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
5 Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
6 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Korea

* Corresponding Author: Muhammad Shafiq. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2023, 74(2), 4221-4238. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.034320

Received 13 July 2022; Accepted 23 August 2022; Issue published 31 October 2022

Abstract

A graph invariant is a number that can be easily and uniquely calculated through a graph. Recently, part of mathematical graph invariants has been portrayed and utilized for relationship examination. Nevertheless, no reliable appraisal has been embraced to pick, how much these invariants are associated with a network graph in interconnection networks of various fields of computer science, physics, and chemistry. In this paper, the study talks about sudoku networks will be networks of fractal nature having some applications in computer science like sudoku puzzle game, intelligent systems, Local area network (LAN) development and parallel processors interconnections, music composition creation, physics like power generation interconnections, Photovoltaic (PV) cells and chemistry, synthesis of chemical compounds. These networks are generally utilized in disorder, fractals, recursive groupings, and complex frameworks. Our outcomes are the normal speculations of currently accessible outcomes for specific classes of such kinds of networks of two unmistakable sorts with two invariants K-banhatti sombor (KBSO) invariants, Irregularity sombor (ISO) index, Contraharmonic-quadratic invariants (CQIs) and dharwad invariants with their reduced forms. The study solved the Sudoku network used in mentioned systems to improve the performance and find irregularities present in them. The calculated outcomes can be utilized for the modeling, scalability, introduction of new architectures of sudoku puzzle games, intelligent systems, PV cells, interconnection networks, chemical compounds, and extremely huge scope in very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) of processors.

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