A Secure Multi-factor Authentication Protocol for Healthcare Services Using Cloud-based SDN

1  Introduction

Competitive advantages of Software Defined Network (SDN) [1] over a traditional network have made it extensively used by any organization to set up their network. SDN has become more valuable with its cloud-based integration. With the rise in the number of chronic diseases and conditions, demand for health care systems is also growing. The increase in consumption diseases and the old age population also need due care and health monitoring from time to time. An increase in consumption of convenience food is also steadily causing health problems. A sedentary lifestyle and desk-bound jobs have raised obesity and diabetes level. Another addition to this has been made by the global pandemics like COVID-19, SARS, HIV-AIDS, F3N2, Spanish Flu, and Cholera to name a few.

The unavailability of expert medical practitioners (MPs) or costly treatment has given birth to remote patient monitoring (RPM). Patients at home feel more comfortable and prefer to be monitored from home [2] than going to THE hospital. RPM enables patient monitoring outside the conventional hospital and clinical settings. It helps reduce the treatment cost, but patients also get free from the hassle of traveling. It helps in improving and providing quality of life to patients all over the world.

The flexibility and ease of using various pervasive technologies like Wireless Medical Sensor Network (WMSN), Cyber-Physical System (CPS), Cloud, IoT, SDN, and Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has given use to usage of Remote Tele-Patient Monitoring (RTPM). RPM collect health and medical data of patients with the help of digital technology. Patients wear different sensors or patches through which data is electronically transferred and stored onto a cloud-based SDN [3]. Tele-health solutions are provided to patients in no time. Fig. 1 demonstrates the typical architecture for RPM which is followed by the schemes [4,5].

Figure 1: RPM architecture with cloud-based SDN

A WBSN for observing various Patients’ Physiological Parameters (PPPs) such as blood glucose levels, BP, ECG, pulse rate, etc. indicates the patient’s current health [6,7]. Monitoring is required in real-time due to the criticality of the situation. Moreover, reducing the economic burden, preserving the privacy of patients’ data is equally important. MP can access the data from the cloud-based SDN servers from anywhere at any time. But the major concern is where Cloud Service Providers provide IoT services over an insecure public channel to customers [8]. Patients’ data is vulnerable to attacks and should be securely accessible to authenticated practitioners. The whole concept is to put the patient’s sensitive data in the public cloud and trust it is a major concern. The main hindrance in the adoption of cloud-based SDN by healthcare providers is security, confidentiality, and trust issues [9].

Together, all these factors have worked as a driving force for us to propose “A secure multi-factor authentication protocol for healthcare services using Cloud-based SDN”. The Cloud-based SDN [10,11] combines the advantage of both SDN and Cloud offering a new revolution to the technological world in terms of efficiency and practicality. To ensure the confidentiality and privacy of patients’ data, the proposed novel heterogeneous communication architecture provides a multifactor authentication policy. The proposed scheme exploits customized SDN and a framework [12–14] of body sensors coupled with IoT nodes, Cloud Analytics support for smart summarisation.

1.1 Motivation & Contribution

Various economic and availability issues that given gear to health services. Cloud-based SDN [15] has widespread deployment in this field. Patients’ data may get compromised on cloud servers and is prone to various attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS), Man in the Middle (MITM) attack, replay, phishing, etc. The unauthorized access can manipulate SDN control and application plane southbound and northbound interfaces. Once the health data has been compromised that is compromised forever: Patient’s health can suffer and life is at stake. Security remains a major concern in any domain. But It has a major role to play in terms of patients’ privacy. The proposed scheme is capable enough to deal with illegitimate user access to cloud-based SDN database servers. The primary aim of this work is to present a guaranteed authentication scheme for real time health system. A protocol which overcomes the drawbacks of high communication cost and high computation overhead over existing protocols.

This research contributes as below:

•   Users’ role is an important measure for defining security privileges. Different levels of privileges provide secure access to users. New flow entries are generated by ensuring the implementation of real-time policies.

•   The authorization & authentication principle helps the SDN Controller to lay the network policies.

•   IAM policy implementation ensures the role-based policy for security privileges.

•   Various network metrics and measures work as a performance indicator for the network and ensure the quality of service in the transmission flow & resources across.

•   AVISPA tool has been used to prove the strength of various security parameters.

•   The superiority of the scheme in comparison with the existing one has been proved over computational cost and various securities attack parameters.

1.2 Paper Organization

The remaining paper is structured in the following manner. Section 2 critically reviews the existing authentication schemes in the health sector regarding the three technological dimensions of cloud, SDN, and IoT. In Section 3, various security threats and attacks on the cloud-based SDN architecture have been presented. Section 4 explains the proposed scheme architecture in detail. In Section 5, a detailed analysis of the proposed scheme has been performed using AVISPA. Section 6 includes the performance analysis of the proposed scheme with the existing ones. Finally, Section 7 presents the conclusion.

2  Related Work

This section gives existing methods used in the literature review for this research. In this different research work and conducted study has been discussed. The proposed method's significance to solve the given threats has been introduced. A critical review of the existing authentication schemes and security in the health sector regarding the three technological dimensions of cloud, SDN, and IoT has been conducted as depicted in Fig. 2.

Figure 2: 3D analysis of security and authentication scheme in health care systems

2.1 Review of Security in the Healthcare Sector about Cloud Computing

A virtual machine (VM) has been created as a cloud server that fetches the data from IoT nodes as depicted in Fig. 1. Data is routed to the cloud data centers and cloud servers process the data smartly and provide the information to the MPs through web or mobile query interface. SDN centralized controller manages the distributed cloud architecture and acts as a one-stop honey pot for the attackers. Cloud-based SDN offers flexibility, agility, programmability, scalability, and economic infrastructure. Cloud-Based SDN centralised control causes several threats such as unauthorised access, data tampering, phishing, DoS attacks, etc. as mentioned by Heidelberg in [16]. Sinanc et al. [17] mentioned how the availability and reliability of information will largely be affected due to internal loopholes in the usage of internet connection. Another obstacle may be of interoperability of devices due to the lack of common communication standard which is required for collaboration with healthcare services as presented by Midha et al. in [9,18]. An open and shared environment of cloud-based SDN hampers the security and privacy of patient’s data found by Abukhousa et al. in [18], C. Networks [19] have claimed that the cloud is prone to various security attacks. Abbas et al. [5] and Ahuja et al. [20] have mentioned that healthcare providers lack trust in Cloud-based SDN servers due to security and privacy breaches which hinder its adoption.

2.2 Review of Security in the Healthcare Sector Concerning SDN Interfaces

Referring to Fig. 1, communication between the application layer and the control layer is performed with the help of RESTful or native Java APIs, which are termed as North Bound Interfaces (NBIs) in SDN. The non-standardized and diverse nature of NBIs in SDN makes it more challenging to handle in front of security. The various OpenFlow switches available in the market possess limited Content Addressable Memory [19]. In case, NBIs fail to put integrity constraints on the operations of various network applications; malicious applications come and replace existing high priority flow entries rules with low priority rules on the data plane [21]. Malicious applications inject rules in the absence of constraints but also edit and delete the existing flow rules resulting in network performance degradation and overall data leakage [22] through poor NBI management. As depicted in Fig. 1, South Bound Interfaces (SBIs) are responsible for communication between the data plane and control plane. A packet_in message is generated for the SDN controller in response to each captured packet on the network. Any malicious attacker can forge IPs and MACs and can initiate data transfer in the network. Whenever the packet comes into the network, the OpenFlow switch will treat it as a new flow and generate a packet_in message for SDN Controller. Too many packet_in messages to SDN Controller [23] make the SDN Controller unavailable for legitimate users. So DoS and DDoS [2,8,24] is considered to be the major threat to the controller.

2.3 Review of Security in the Healthcare Sector Concerning IoT

Zhihan et al. [25] have listed that usage of IoT devices triggers trust, privacy, and security issues in the exchange of healthcare data. Hosseini Khayat [26] have presented potential hazards related to IoT devices’ security, integrity, availability, and privacy implications. Yan et al. [27] have mentioned that security attacks such as hampering safety and utility are pervasive in IoT devices and patients’ security is endangered. Various studies [20,28] have shared the vulnerability of IoT devices to security attacks.

2.4 Review of Authentication Schemes in Health Care Systems

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) as mentioned in [29] controls illegitimate access on the database servers. This mainly implies access rights and privileges and is one of the most widely used techniques in the healthcare system. A lot of work has been done regarding security and privacy in health systems.

Midha et al. [15] in his work proposed a protocol based on generating a session key for accessing health care data with fog computing. Reference [30] in their work have shown that computational cost has been compromised to ensure strong security. C. Networks [19] have presented a novel approach to Shamir’s Secret Share Scheme (SSS) to access cloud data to ensure protection from data loss, protect data loss and illegitimate access, and privacy disclosure. Health data confidentiality is ensured using the SSS technique for encrypting data. C. Networks [19] have discovered that the technique does not present the trade-off between efficiency and security.

Tseng et al., [21] have introduced a model by proposing a group-based access structure and Cipher text-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) to cater to the issue of data confidentiality and access privacy over health data. Ghosh et al., [13] have demonstrated that neither the technique is efficient nor practically implacable.

Narayana et al., [22] have proposed a 3 factor model for ensuring authenticity–(i) Cryptographic role-based technique. (ii) Location and Biometric based Authentication. (iii) A wavelet steganography to ensure the trust of patients on cloud data. Method ensures the resilience from MITM and replay attacks. But as mentioned in Shin et al., [24], the method does not ensure the integrity and availability of ehealth data and computational overhead is high.

Yan et al. [27] have deployed cloud-based privacy-aware role-based access control (CPRBAC) model which guarantees low computational complexity and communication cost. But the method does not ensure the protection of data in terms of privacy attacks as mentioned in [26]. Narayana et al. [22] have proposed a framework based on public key infrastructure (PKI) claiming that methodology ensures confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, availability, and suitability.

Ahuja et al., [20] have proposed an architecture for ensuring privacy in ehealth infrastructure by using Trusting Virtual Domains (TVDs). In [29], it has been presented that architecture still does not address various issues related to authenticity, anonymity, and non-repudiation.

2.5 Limitations of the Previous Studies

•   Most of the existing techniques failed to provide mutually strong authentication.

•   TLS/SSL security is optional in most of the techniques due to the OpenFlow nature of SDN.

•   Authentication schemes are mostly implemented on IoT nodes and gateway but MPs get direct access to data servers without authenticity.

•   Most of the techniques lack sharing of updation status with other devices.

•   Most of the techniques lack security in terms of non-repudiation, key freshness, and anonymity.

3  Security Issues and Requirements on the Cloud-based SDN Architecture

This section of the paper presents the various security threats prevailing on the electronic health records (EHR) on the Cloud-based SDN and the security requirements that are expected of the proposed approach.

3.1 Security Issues

Open flow communication has been supported by making Transport Layer Security and Secure Socket Layer (TLS/SSL) an optional part but it has brought a serious threat to communication interfaces. Traffic can be easily intercepted on the communication interface lines which will lead, leading to several attacks like an exploit, malware, data leakage, etc. No end-to-end encryption scheme has been adopted in this, which increases the chances of an attack on data and messages. Tab. 1 shows the various risk categories in Cloud-based SDN and their description.

3.2 Security Requirements

Following are the requirements that the proposed scheme should possess:

     i)  Confidentiality: The patient’s data is confidential and personal. The patient may not want to share it with any other person. So measures should be used to ensure that no outsider or external can get access to a patient’s data.

    ii)  Integrity: Checks and conditions should be enforced to ensure data consistency and accuracy.

   iii)  Availability: EHR should be available to the right users at the right time. Backup should be maintained so that in case of any failure, data can be recovered.

    iv)  Mutual Authentication: Cloud-based SDN servers and MPs should be independently capable of generating shared sessions before the information exchange.

     v)  User Anonymity: Protocol must ensure that the user identity remains hidden from the attacker so that it can represent itself as a legitimate user.

    vi)  Forward Secrecy: Freshness of the message should be preserved by using timestamp nonces etc. to avoid replay attacks.

   vii)  Scalability: The scheme must ensure scalability due to clouds and IoT which shows tremendous growth over time.

4  Proposed Scheme

The proposed scheme follows a 3-way handshake–connection establishment, data transfer, and connection termination to ensure the secure transmission of data and no loose open connection. Tab. 2 mentions the notations used in paper.

The connection Establishment phase is further divided into 3 sub-phases to ensure user authenticity. This phase ensures that the identified user is valid and has access to the cloud server’s patients’ database. The proposed Scheme has been depicted in Fig. 3.

Figure 3: Proposed authentication phases

a) Registration phase: MPs choose user id (uid), password (pwd), and biometric imprint (bio) and send it as a challenge to the SDN-based Cloud sever (Ser). Bioimprint is generated using alpha and beta as in Eq. (2). MP also generates a fresh random number a nonce (NMP) or timestamp to ensure the freshness of the message. All this information is sent by the MP to Ser as depicted in Eq. (1) over a secured hash channel using the hash function of Eq. (4).

S=MP→Ser:{uid,pwd,bio,NMP}(1)

Gen(bio)=(α,β)(2)

α, β are two arbitrary strings generated such as mentioned in Eq. (3).

Rep(bio−1,β)=α(3)

H(S)⊕NMP(4)

On receiving user id (uid), password (pwd), and biometric imprint (bio), the Server (Ser) performs the validity check to ensure the correctness of the user and answers to the challenge sent by the MP.

N−1MP ⊕ NMP to ensure the freshness of the message and generates the smart card with the uid, pwd and bio for the user and sends to MP and stores the information in the DB server for authentication later as depicted in Eqs. (5) and (6).

S0=Ser→MP:{smartcard,NSer}(5)

H(S0)⊕NSer(6)

To send the smart card information to the MP and store required information onto its memory, Ser performs Eqs. (7) to (10).

S1=H{uid,pwd,α}(7)

S2=H{uid,pwd,α}⊕H(s)(8)

S3=NMP⊕uid⊕pwd⊕H(α)(9)

S4=H(H(uid,R)⊕s)(10)

S1, S2, and S3 are stored in the smart card and provided to MP to use as validation medium to access the patients’ data. The Ser stores S4 in its memory for the future verification process.

b) Login and Authentication phase: Once the MP has registered him/her onto the cloud Server; Later S/He can access the patient’s data with the smart card which works as user authenticity. In this process, both the MP and Ser mutually authenticate each other. Various properties ensured in this phase are

•   Message ‘S’ is secret means encrypted over a secure hash channel.

•   NMP is fresh so is message ‘S’

•   Ser authenticates ‘S’ built by MP

•   MP authenticates the Ser during the session with the session key

On received uid, pwd, and bio from MP; α information is extracted from the smart card using Eqs. (11) and (12).

Rep(bio−1,β)=α(11)

s2=c⊕uid⊕pwd⊕H(α)′(12)

Is S′2 = S2? If the user is authenticated the login request is sent to Ser with timestamp (TS) as specified in Eq. (13).

Smartcard→Ser:{MPid,TS}(13)

On receive MP will check TS of a message with Tcurr; If it is less than equals allowed threshold time TΔ; access to patient’s data is granted else server will reject login. And similarly, the message flows from the Ser to MP and the entire verification validation process is repeated at the MP to guarantee mutual trust.

5  Security Analysis

An analysis of the proposed protocol has been performed using the AVISPA tool on the VM.

5.1 Formal Verification Using Span-AVISPA

AVISPA is a modular automated tool which validates internet security protocols and applications. It specifies security protocols and their properties in formal language. It offers robustness and scope with a large library set.

AVISPA tool has been used for the formal analysis of the proposed technique. High-Level Protocol Specification Language (HLPSL) has been used for documenting the scripts based on the roles of Medical Practitioners and Cloud-based SDN servers. Scripts written in the HLPSL are translated to the Intermediate Format (IF) by the translator. IF is inputted to the four different backends named as On-the-fly Model-Checker (OFMC), Constraint-Logic based Attacker Searcher (CL-AtSe), SAT-based Model-Checker (SATMC), and Tree Automata-based Protocol Analyser (TA4SP) to analyse the fulfillment or violation of security goals. Fig. 4 depicts the structure of the AVISPA tool [13].

Figure 4: AVISPA tool architecture

Proposed secure protocol method has been tested under worst assumptions also. Message has been tampered, server attacks has been conducted by exploiting loop holes in the system. Replay attack has been conducted which mostly go unnoticed. AVISPA tool has been used to develop a secure protocol. AVISPA integrated with different backends to exhibit the secure protocol. Proposed Protocol follows the process as exhibited in Fig. 5.

Figure 5: Proposed protocol method

AVISPA architecture is role-based. The various roles played in the ehealth care architecture are MPs, Cloud-based SDN Server, Session, Environment, and goal are defined in the HLSPL. Fig. 6 represents the session key execution for the protocol and proves the validity of the protocol in terms of its safety during the attack.

Figure 6: User authentication with nonce

5.2 Informal Verification and Theoretical Analysis

This section defines the important theoretical analysis of the proposed scheme against the attacks and various security issues prevailing on patients’ data as discussed in Section 3.1. Tab. 3 defines the verification of the proposed tool which shows the validity of the tool over several security requirements.

6  Performance Comparison

This section presents the comparison of various security features of the proposed protocol and related protocol as shown in Tab. 4. It has been observed that all the existing protocols suffer from one of the other security weaknesses. The proposed scheme ensures the fulfillment of all the security requirements and is safe from intruders and attackers.

Session key generated by Yan et al., [27] in his work lacks message replay attack support and does not maintain key freshness which leads to MRA and in turn responsible for DoS attacks. Hosseini-Khayat [26] in his secret share scheme is not able to ensure the integrity of the message and is suffered from a MITM attack. Ghosh et al. [13] intheir work on CP-ABE could not protect data from impersonating attack loop-hole in the system. 3-factor model [29] ensure the safety from DoS [3], MITM and MRA attacks but does not ensure data integrity.

CPRBAC model [28] does not ensure privacy and confidentiality which should be an integral part of the patients’ database system. Zhihan et al., [25] architecture is weak in terms of data confidentiality, mutual authentication, and user anonymity. The proposed architecture ensures the validation of each qualitative metric and computation cost.

Tab. 5 represents the computation cost (ms) for the proposed and existing protocol schemes. Fig. 7 shows that the proposed scheme is best in the case of security requirements and ensures efficiency in terms of computation cost. Results have been derived using simulation on AVISP.

Figure 7: Performance comparison–computation cost (ms)

7  Conclusion and Future Work

Remote Health Monitoring System (RHMS) provides ease for treating patients anytime and anywhere. Patients’ data on the Cloud-based SDN server has greater scope in terms of flexibility and scalability. Still, security is a major issue where it is difficult to keep patients’ sensitive data secure. Patients’ information may compromise which may lead to poor health management. Our Proposed Protocol maintains key freshness and data integrity through biometric imprints, nonce and timestamp calculation for each transaction. Our proposed protocol focused on all the authentication issues and updated all the security patches to ensure the secure access of patients’ records. The proposed protocol is proactive to all the security threats and provides guaranteed access to legitimate users. Our proposed protocol does not only provide security but is also efficient in terms of computation cost over existing protocols. Verification has been done by the widely used and accepted tool AVISPA. However, the proposed method deals with all the proactive measures related to security threats; a lot more work can be done in terms of tampering and repudiation in terms of patient data. The future work includes the implementation of the protocol on the real-time testbed and major improvements in terms of tampering and repudiation threats.

Funding Statement:Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/98), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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