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Kamel Jebreen^1,2,3,*, Muhammad Haroon Aftab⁴, Mohammad Issa Sowaity⁵, Zeeshan Saleem Mufti⁴, Muhammad Hussain⁶
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4455-4463, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030246 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In this article, we calculate various topological invariants such as symmetric division degree index, redefined Zagreb index, VL index, first and second exponential Zagreb index, first and second multiplicative exponential Zagreb indices, symmetric division degree entropy, redefined Zagreb entropy, VL entropy, first and second exponential Zagreb entropies, multiplicative exponential Zagreb entropy. We take the chemical compound named Proanthocyanidins, which is a very useful polyphenol in human’s diet. They are very beneficial for one’s health. These chemical compounds are extracted from grape seeds. They are tremendously anti-inflammatory. A subdivision form of this compound is presented in More >

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Zia Ullah¹, Muhammad Ismail Mohmand¹, Sadaqat ur Rehman^2,*, Muhammad Zubair³, Maha Driss⁴, Wadii Boulila⁵, Rayan Sheikh², Ibrahim Alwawi⁶
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4465-4487, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029101 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Facial expression recognition has been a hot topic for decades, but high intraclass variation makes it challenging. To overcome intraclass variation for visual recognition, we introduce a novel fusion methodology, in which the proposed model first extract features followed by feature fusion. Specifically, RestNet-50, VGG-19, and Inception-V3 is used to ensure feature learning followed by feature fusion. Finally, the three feature extraction models are utilized using Ensemble Learning techniques for final expression classification. The representation learnt by the proposed methodology is robust to occlusions and pose variations and offers promising accuracy. To evaluate the efficiency More >

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Muhammad Waqas^1,3,*, Shehr Bano², Fatima Hassan², Shanshan Tu¹, Ghulam Abbas², Ziaul Haq Abbas⁴
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4489-4499, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029539 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Cyber-physical wireless systems have surfaced as an important data communication and networking research area. It is an emerging discipline that allows effective monitoring and efficient real-time communication between the cyber and physical worlds by embedding computer software and integrating communication and networking technologies. Due to their high reliability, sensitivity and connectivity, their security requirements are more comparable to the Internet as they are prone to various security threats such as eavesdropping, spoofing, botnets, man-in-the-middle attack, denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) and impersonation. Existing methods use physical layer authentication (PLA), the… More >

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Muhammad Ali¹, Jamal Hussain Shah¹, Muhammad Attique Khan², Majed Alhaisoni³, Usman Tariq⁴, Tallha Akram⁵, Ye Jin Kim⁶, Byoungchol Chang^7,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4501-4518, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030392 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Tumor detection has been an active research topic in recent years due to the high mortality rate. Computer vision (CV) and image processing techniques have recently become popular for detecting tumors in MRI images. The automated detection process is simpler and takes less time than manual processing. In addition, the difference in the expanding shape of brain tumor tissues complicates and complicates tumor detection for clinicians. We proposed a new framework for tumor detection as well as tumor classification into relevant categories in this paper. For tumor segmentation, the proposed framework employs the Particle Swarm… More >

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1152

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Gürcan Çetin^*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4519-4539, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031734 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Recently, machine learning algorithms have been used in the detection and classification of network attacks. The performance of the algorithms has been evaluated by using benchmark network intrusion datasets such as DARPA98, KDD’99, NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and Caida DDoS. However, these datasets have two major challenges: imbalanced data and high-dimensional data. Obtaining high accuracy for all attack types in the dataset allows for high accuracy in imbalanced datasets. On the other hand, having a large number of features increases the runtime load on the algorithms. A novel model is proposed in this paper to overcome these… More >

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797

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K. Shankar¹, E. Laxmi Lydia², Sachin Kumar^1,*, Ali S. Abosinne³, Ahmed alkhayyat⁴, A. H. Abbas⁵, Sarmad Nozad Mahmood⁶
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4541-4557, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031247 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a type of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) and it should be diagnosed at early stages to accomplish efficient treatment, increase the survival rate, and reduce death rate. Histopathological imaging is a wide-spread standard used for OSCC detection. However, it is a cumbersome process and demands expert’s knowledge. So, there is a need exists for automated detection of OSCC using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computer Vision (CV) technologies. In this background, the current research article introduces Improved Slime Mould Algorithm with Artificial Intelligence Driven Oral Cancer Classification… More >

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850

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Maria Sameen¹, Seong Oun Hwang^2,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4559-4576, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031091 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Machine Learning (ML) systems often involve a re-training process to make better predictions and classifications. This re-training process creates a loophole and poses a security threat for ML systems. Adversaries leverage this loophole and design data poisoning attacks against ML systems. Data poisoning attacks are a type of attack in which an adversary manipulates the training dataset to degrade the ML system’s performance. Data poisoning attacks are challenging to detect, and even more difficult to respond to, particularly in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. To address this problem, we proposed DISTINÏCT, the first proactive More >

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689

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Chao-Lung Yang¹, Yulius Harjoseputro^2,3, Yu-Chen Hu⁴, Yung-Yao Chen^2,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4577-4593, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031305 - 28 July 2022
Abstract This research proposed an improved transfer-learning bird classification framework to achieve a more precise classification of Protected Indonesia Birds (PIB) which have been identified as the endangered bird species. The framework takes advantage of using the proposed sequence of Batch Normalization Dropout Fully-Connected (BNDFC) layers to enhance the baseline model of transfer learning. The main contribution of this work is the proposed sequence of BNDFC that can be applied to any Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based model to improve the classification accuracy, especially for image-based species classification problems. The experiment results show that the proposed More >

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800

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Deepak Sukheja¹, Javaid Ahmad Shah², G. Madhu³, K. Sandeep Kautish⁴, Fahad A. Alghamdi⁵, Ibrahim. S. Yahia^6,7,8, El-Sayed M. El-Kenawy^9,10, Ali Wagdy Mohamed^11,12,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4595-4609, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029122 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Efficient decision-making remains an open challenge in the research community, and many researchers are working to improve accuracy through the use of various computational techniques. In this case, the fuzzification and defuzzification processes can be very useful. Defuzzification is an effective process to get a single number from the output of a fuzzy set. Considering defuzzification as a center point of this research paper, to analyze and understand the effect of different types of vehicles according to their performance. In this paper, the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) process under uncertainty and defuzzification is discussed by using… More >

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952

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Pramote Charongrattanasakul¹, Wimonmas Bamrungsetthapong^2,*, Poom Kumam³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4611-4626, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030856 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The design of a new adaptive version of the multiple dependent state (AMDS) sampling plan is presented based on the time truncated life test under the Weibull distribution. We achieved the proposed sampling plan by applying the concept of the double sampling plan and existing multiple dependent state sampling plans. A warning sign for acceptance number was proposed to increase the probability of current lot acceptance. The optimal plan parameters were determined simultaneously with nonlinear optimization problems under the producer’s risk and consumer’s risk. A simulation study was presented to support the proposed sampling plan. More >

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713

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Timur Merembayev^1,2,*, Yedilkhan Amirgaliyev^1,3, Murat Kunelbayev¹, Didar Yedilkhan^1,4
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4627-4640, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027180 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In this paper, we studied theoretically and numerically heated losses of a flat solar collector to model the solar water heating system for the Kazakhstan climate condition. For different climatic zones with a growing cost for energy or lack of central heating systems, promising is to find ways to improve the energy efficiency of the solar system. The mathematical model (based on ordinary differential equation) simulated the solar system work process under different conditions. To bridge the modeling and real values results, we studied the important physical parameters such as loss coefficient, Nu, Ra, and… More >

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976

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Mubashar Hussain¹, Toqir A. Rana^2,3, Aksam Iftikhar⁴, M. Usman Ashraf^5,*, Muhammad Waseem Iqbal⁶, Ahmed Alshaflut⁷, Abdullah Alourani⁸
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4641-4656, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.024759 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In the field of sentiment analysis, extracting aspects or opinion targets from user reviews about a product is a key task. Extracting the polarity of an opinion is much more useful if we also know the targeted Aspect or Feature. Rule based approaches, like dependency-based rules, are quite popular and effective for this purpose. However, they are heavily dependent on the authenticity of the employed parts-of-speech (POS) tagger and dependency parser. Another popular rule based approach is to use sequential rules, wherein the rules formulated by learning from the user’s behavior. However, in general, the… More >

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729

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Adnan Ahmed Rafique¹, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi², Suliman A. Alsuhibany³, Samia Allaoua Chelloug^4,*, Ahmad Jalal¹, Jeongmin Park⁵
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4657-4675, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027720 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Latest advancements in vision technology offer an evident impact on multi-object recognition and scene understanding. Such scene-understanding task is a demanding part of several technologies, like augmented reality-based scene integration, robotic navigation, autonomous driving, and tourist guide. Incorporating visual information in contextually unified segments, convolution neural networks-based approaches will significantly mitigate the clutter, which is usual in classical frameworks during scene understanding. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based segmentation method for the recognition of multiple objects in an image. Initially, after acquisition and preprocessing, the image is segmented by using… More >

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1739

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927

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Vicky Mudeng^1,2, Jin-woo Jeong³, Se-woon Choe^1,4,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4677-4693, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031046 - 28 July 2022
Abstract A lump growing in the breast may be referred to as a breast mass related to the tumor. However, not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Breast masses can cause discomfort and pain, depending on the size and texture of the breast. With an appropriate diagnosis, non-cancerous breast masses can be diagnosed earlier to prevent their cultivation from being malignant. With the development of the artificial neural network, the deep discriminative model, such as a convolutional neural network, may evaluate the breast lesion to distinguish benign and malignant cancers from mammogram breast masses images. This… More >

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712

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Mohammed Altaf Ahmed¹, Sara A Althubiti², Dronamraju Nageswara Rao³, E. Laxmi Lydia⁴, Woong Cho⁵, Gyanendra Prasad Joshi⁶, Sung Won Kim^7,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4695-4711, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.032083 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Cyberattacks are developing gradually sophisticated, requiring effective intrusion detection systems (IDSs) for monitoring computer resources and creating reports on anomalous or suspicious actions. With the popularity of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the security of IoT networks is developing a vital problem. Because of the huge number and varied kinds of IoT devices, it can be challenging task for protecting the IoT framework utilizing a typical IDS. The typical IDSs have their restrictions once executed to IoT networks because of resource constraints and complexity. Therefore, this paper presents a new Blockchain Assisted Intrusion Detection System… More >

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871

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A. Baseera¹, Abeer Abdullah Alsadhan^2,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4713-4726, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029538 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In the development of technology in various fields like big data analysis, data mining, big data, cloud computing, and blockchain technology, security become more constrained. Blockchain is used in providing security by encrypting the sharing of information. Blockchain is applied in the peer-to-peer (P2P) network and it has a decentralized ledger. Providing security against unauthorized breaches in the distributed network is required. To detect unauthorized breaches, there are numerous techniques were developed and those techniques are inefficient and have poor data integrity. Hence, a novel technique needs to be implemented to tackle the new breaches More >

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805

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ARTICLE

Lei Zhu¹, Guojiang Xin^1,2,*, Xin Wang¹, Changsong Ding^1,2, Hao Liang^1,2, Qilei Chen³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4727-4742, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.028187 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The collection and extraction of tongue images has always been an important part of intelligent tongue diagnosis. At present, the collection of tongue images generally needs to be completed in a sealed, stable light environment, which is not conducive to the promotion of extensive tongue image and intelligent tongue diagnosis. In response to the problem, a new algorithm named GCYTD (GELU-CA-YOLO Tongue Detection) is proposed to quickly detect and locate the tongue in a natural environment, which can greatly reduce the restriction of the tongue image collection environment. The algorithm is based on the YOLO… More >

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Yong-Woon Kim¹, Yung-Cheol Byun^2,*, Dong Seog Han³, Dalia Dominic¹, Sibu Cyriac¹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4743-4762, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.028632 - 28 July 2022
Abstract A wide range of camera apps and online video conferencing services support the feature of changing the background in real-time for aesthetic, privacy, and security reasons. Numerous studies show that the Deep-Learning (DL) is a suitable option for human segmentation, and the ensemble of multiple DL-based segmentation models can improve the segmentation result. However, these approaches are not as effective when directly applied to the image segmentation in a video. This paper proposes an Adaptive N-Frames Ensemble (AFE) approach for high-movement human segmentation in a video using an ensemble of multiple DL models. In contrast… More >

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641

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Mir Mushhood Afsar¹, Shizza Saqib¹, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi², Suliman A. Alsuhibany³, Ahmad Jalal¹, Jeongmin Park^4,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4763-4777, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.028618 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Virtual reality is an emerging field in the whole world. The problem faced by people today is that they are more indulged in indoor technology rather than outdoor activities. Hence, the proposed system introduces a fitness solution connecting virtual reality with a gaming interface so that an individual can play first-person games. The system proposed in this paper is an efficient and cost-effective solution that can entertain people along with playing outdoor games such as badminton and cricket while sitting in the room. To track the human movement, sensors Micro Processor Unit (MPU6050) are used… More >

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823

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Phi-Hung Nguyen^*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4779-4800, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030745 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In today’s fast-challenging business environment, automobile manufacturers are required to supply customers with high-quality vehicles at competitive prices. However, existing research on factors influencing service quality lacks a detailed and systematic understanding, and there is no consensus study on causal relationship and measuring the weights of service quality factors in the automotive manufacturing industry. This study provides an integrated technique for evaluating the automotive service quality in the context of VinFast-the Vietnamese leading brand. First, the Grey Theory System (GTS) is utilized to estimate the subjective views of the decision maker (DM) and overcome incomplete… More >

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652

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Jyoti Arora¹, Meena Tushir², Keshav Sharma¹, Lalit Mohan¹, Aman Singh^3,*, Abdullah Alharbi⁴, Wael Alosaimi⁴
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4801-4817, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.025960 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Datasets with the imbalanced class distribution are difficult to handle with the standard classification algorithms. In supervised learning, dealing with the problem of class imbalance is still considered to be a challenging research problem. Various machine learning techniques are designed to operate on balanced datasets; therefore, the state of the art, different under-sampling, over-sampling and hybrid strategies have been proposed to deal with the problem of imbalanced datasets, but highly skewed datasets still pose the problem of generalization and noise generation during resampling. To over-come these problems, this paper proposes a majority clustering model for… More >

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Muhammad Faisal^*, Sohail Khalid
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4819-4832, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029049 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The design of single- and quad-band Bandpass Filter (BPF) topology has been presented in this paper for next-generation Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The main topology is constructed using the Split Ring Resonator (SRR), separated by the Anti-Parallel Coupled Line Structure (APCLS). A detailed analysis of APCLS has been presented, which is further used to construct the single- and quad-band BPF. The single-band BPF design consists of SRR loaded with APCLS. The developed single-band BPF displays a dual-mode response with a center frequency of 2.65 GHz and a measured fractional bandwidth of 17.17%. Moreover, a More >

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671

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Wajaree Weera¹, Zulqurnain Sabir², Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja³, Sakda Noinang⁴, Thongchai Botmart^1,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4833-4849, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030888 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The purpose of this research is to construct an integrated neuro swarming scheme using the procedures of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) with the use of global search particle swarm optimization (PSO) along with the competent local search interior-point programming (IPP) called as ANN-PSOIPP. The proposed computational scheme is implemented for the numerical simulations of the third order nonlinear delay differential Emden-Fowler model (TON-DD-EFM). The TON-DD-EFM is based on two types along with the particulars of shape factor, delayed terms, and singular points. A merit function is performed using the optimization of PSOIPP to find More >

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650

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Sakda Noinang¹, Zulqurnain Sabir², Gilder Cieza Altamirano³, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja⁴, Manuel Jesús Sànchez-Chero⁵, María-Verónica Seminario-Morales⁵, Wajaree Weera^6,*, Thongchai Botmart⁶
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4851-4868, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029437 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The current study relates to designing a swarming computational paradigm to solve the influenza disease system (IDS). The nonlinear system’s mathematical form depends upon four classes: susceptible individuals, infected people, recovered individuals and cross-immune people. The solutions of the IDS are provided by using the artificial neural networks (ANNs) together with the swarming computational paradigm-based particle swarm optimization (PSO) and interior-point scheme (IPA) that are the global and local search approaches. The ANNs-PSO-IPA has never been applied to solve the IDS. Instead a merit function in the sense of mean square error is constructed using More >

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Tahir Alyas^1,*, Khalid Alissa², Abdul Salam Mohammad³, Shazia Asif⁴, Tauqeer Faiz⁵, Gulzar Ahmed⁶
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4869-4883, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031376 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Fungal disease affects more than a billion people worldwide, resulting in different types of fungus diseases facing life-threatening infections. The outer layer of your body is called the integumentary system. Your skin, hair, nails, and glands are all part of it. These organs and tissues serve as your first line of defence against bacteria while protecting you from harm and the sun. The It serves as a barrier between the outside world and the regulated environment inside our bodies and a regulating effect. Heat, light, damage, and illness are all protected by it. Fungi-caused infections… More >

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Muhammad Irfan¹, Farman Ali², Fazal Muhammad^3,*, Saifur Rahman¹, Ammar Armghan⁴, Yousaf Khan⁵, Faisal Althobiani⁶, Rehan Shafiq⁷, Mohammed Alshareef⁸, Mohammad E. Gommosani⁹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4885-4895, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030157 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The fiber nonlinearity and phase noise (PN) are the focused impairments in the optical communication system, induced by high-capacity transmission and high laser input power. The channels include high-capacity transmissions that cannot be achieved at the end side without aliasing because of fiber nonlinearity and PN impairments. Thus, addressing of these distortions is the basic objective for the 5G mobile network. In this paper, the fiber nonlinearity and PN are investigated using the assembled methodology of millimeter-wave and radio over fiber (mmWave-RoF). The analytical model is designed in terms of outage probability for the proposed More >

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619

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Kuntharrgyal Khysru^1,*, Jianguo Wei^1,2, Jianwu Dang³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4897-4907, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027591 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In China, Tibetan is usually divided into three major dialects: the Am-do, Khams and Lhasa dialects. The Am-do dialect evolved from ancient Tibetan and is a local variant of modern Tibetan. Although this dialect has its own specific historical and social conditions and development, there have been different degrees of communication with other ethnic groups, but all the abovementioned dialects developed from the same language: Tibetan. This paper uses the particularity of Tibetan suffixes in pronunciation and proposes a lexicon for the Am-do language, which optimizes the problems existing in previous research. Audio data of… More >

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702

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Amruta S. Dixit¹, Sumit Kumar^1,*, Shabana Urooj²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4909-4921, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027862 - 28 July 2022
Abstract This paper proposes a stable gain and a compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) for a 38 GHz band of 5G communication. A novel compact AVA is designed to provide constant gain, high front to back ratio (FBR), and very high efficiency. The performance of the proposed AVA is enhanced with the help of a dielectric lens (DL) and corrugations. A rectangular-shaped DL is incorporated in conventional AVA (CAVA) to enhance its gain up to 1 dBi and the bandwidth by 1.8 GHz. Next, the rectangular corrugations are implemented in CAVA with lens (CAVA-L) to further improve the… More >

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874

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Nursyazwani Mohamad Noor¹, Siti Ainor Mohd Yatim^1,*, Nur Intan Raihana Ruhaiyem²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4923-4934, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030414 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In this paper, we present a three-compartment of pharmacokinetics model with irreversible rate constants. The compartment consists of arterial blood, tissues and venous blood. Fick’s principle and the law of mass action were used to develop the model based on the diffusion process. The model is modified into a fractional pharmacokinetics model with the sense of Caputo derivative. The existence and uniqueness of the model are investigated and the positivity of the model is established. The behaviour of the model is investigated by implementing numerical algorithms for the numerical solution of the system of fractional More >

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763

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Sadaf Hafeez¹, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi², Mohammed Alarfaj³, Tamara al Shloul⁴, Ahmad Jalal¹, Shaharyar Kamal¹, Dong-Seong Kim^5,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4935-4952, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.023841 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Independent human living systems require smart, intelligent, and sustainable online monitoring so that an individual can be assisted timely. Apart from ambient assisted living, the task of monitoring human activities plays an important role in different fields including virtual reality, surveillance security, and human interaction with robots. Such systems have been developed in the past with the use of various wearable inertial sensors and depth cameras to capture the human actions. In this paper, we propose multiple methods such as random occupancy pattern, spatio temporal cloud, way-point trajectory, Hilbert transform, Walsh Hadamard transform and bone More >

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619

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He Gong^1,3,4, Mingwang Deng¹, Shijun Li^1,2,6,*, Tianli Hu^1,3,4, Yu Sun^1,3,4, Ye Mu^1,3,4, Zilian Wang¹, Chang Zhang¹, Thobela Louis Tyasi⁵
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4953-4969, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027457 - 28 July 2022
Abstract With the increasing intensive and large-scale development of the sika deer breeding industry, it is crucial to assess the health status of the sika deer by monitoring their behaviours. A machine vision–based method for the behaviour recognition of sika deer is proposed in this paper. Google Inception Net (GoogLeNet) is used to optimise the model in this paper. First, the number of layers and size of the model were reduced. Then, the 5 × 5 convolution was changed to two 3 × 3 convolutions, which reduced the parameters and increased the nonlinearity of the model.… More >

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1164

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He Gong^1,2,3, Zilian Wang^1,3, Zhiqiang Cheng⁴, Lin Chen^1,3, Haohong Pan^1,3, Daming Zhang², Tianli Hu^1,3,*, Thobela Louis Tyasi⁵
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4971-4980, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029433 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Flexible strain sensor has attracted much attention because of its potential application in human motion detection. In this work, the prepared strain sensor was obtained by encapsulating electrospun carbonized sponge (CS) with room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTVS). In this paper, the formation mechanism of conductive sponge was studied. Based on the combination of carbonized sponge and RTVS, the strain sensing mechanism and piezoresistive properties are discussed. After research and testing, the CS/RTVS flexible strain sensor has excellent fast response speed and stability, and the maximum strain coefficient of the sensor is 136.27. In this More >

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Haykel Marouani^1,*, Fahad Awjah Almehmadi¹, Rihem Farkh², Habib Dhahri³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4981-4994, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029315 - 28 July 2022
Abstract

In this work, the concepts of particle swarm optimization-based method, named non-Gaussian improved particle swarm optimization for minimizing the cost of energy (COE) of wind turbines (WTs) on high-altitude sites are introduced. Since the COE depends on site specification constants and initialized parameters of wind turbine, the focus was on the design optimization of rotor radius, hub height and rated power. Based on literature, the COE is converted to the Saudi Arabia context. Thus, the constrained wind turbine optimization problem is developed. Then, non-Gaussian improved particle swarm optimization is provided and compared with the conventional

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Zhenzhou Wang¹, Kangyang Li¹, Xiang Wang^1,*, Antonio Lee²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 4995-5009, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029650 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Edge detection is one of the core steps of image processing and computer vision. Accurate and fine image edge will make further target detection and semantic segmentation more effective. Holistically-Nested edge detection (HED) edge detection network has been proved to be a deep-learning network with better performance for edge detection. However, it is found that when the HED network is used in overlapping complex multi-edge scenarios for automatic object identification. There will be detected edge incomplete, not smooth and other problems. To solve these problems, an image edge detection algorithm based on improved HED and… More >

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739

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Mesfer Al Duhayyim^1,*, Heba G. Mohamed², Saud S. Alotaibi³, Hany Mahgoub^4,5, Abdullah Mohamed⁶, Abdelwahed Motwakel⁷, Abu Sarwar Zamani⁷, Mohamed I. Eldesouki⁸
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5011-5024, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031096 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Cyberbullying (CB) is a challenging issue in social media and it becomes important to effectively identify the occurrence of CB. The recently developed deep learning (DL) models pave the way to design CB classifier models with maximum performance. At the same time, optimal hyperparameter tuning process plays a vital role to enhance overall results. This study introduces a Teacher Learning Genetic Optimization with Deep Learning Enabled Cyberbullying Classification (TLGODL-CBC) model in Social Media. The proposed TLGODL-CBC model intends to identify the existence and non-existence of CB in social media context. Initially, the input data is More >

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Ahmed Ali Ajmi^1,2, Noor Shakir Mahmood^1,2, Khairur Rijal Jamaludin^1,*, Hayati Habibah Abdul Talib¹, Shamsul Sarip¹, Hazilah Mad Kaidi¹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5025-5039, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031239 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The literature that a lack of integration between the performance shaping factors (PSFs) and the energy management performance (EMP) is one of the critical problems that prevent performance improvement and reduces the power plant’s efficiency. To solve this problem, this article aims to achieve two main objectives: (1) Systematically investigate and identify the critical success factors (CSFs) for integration with PSFs and EMP; (2) Develop a novel modelling approach to predict the performance of power plants based on innovative integrated strategies. The research methodology is grounded on the theoretical and practical approach to improving performance.… More >

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Mehrdad Ahmadi Kamarposhti^1,*, Hassan Shokouhandeh², Ilhami Colak³, Kei Eguchi⁴
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5041-5061, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031583 - 28 July 2022
Abstract The advantage of fuzzy controllers in working with inaccurate and nonlinear inputs is that there is no need for an accurate mathematical model and fast convergence and minimal fluctuations in the maximum power point detector. The capability of online fuzzy tracking systems is maximum power, resistance to radiation and temperature changes, and no need for external sensors to measure radiation intensity and temperature. However, the most important issue is the constant changes in the amount of sunlight that cause the maximum power point to be constantly changing. The controller used in the maximum power point… More >

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777

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Mustafa M. Al Rifaee^1,*, Mohammad M. Abdallah¹, Mosa I. Salah², Ayman M. Abdalla¹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5063-5073, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030033 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Hand veins can be used effectively in biometric recognition since they are internal organs that, in contrast to fingerprints, are robust under external environment effects such as dirt and paper cuts. Moreover, they form a complex rich shape that is unique, even in identical twins, and allows a high degree of freedom. However, most currently employed hand-based biometric systems rely on hand-touch devices to capture images with the desired quality. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, most hand-based biometric systems have become undesirable due to their possible impact on the spread of the pandemic.… More >

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725

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Abdullah A Asiri¹, Akhtar Badshah², Fazal Muhammad^3,*, Hassan A Alshamrani¹, Khalil Ullah⁴, Khalaf A Alshamrani¹, Samar Alqhtani⁵, Muhammad Irfan⁶, Hanan Talal Halawani⁷, Khlood M Mehdar⁸
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5075-5089, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031156 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a medical imaging technology that can measure the electrical activity of the scalp produced by the brain, measured and recorded chronologically the surface of the scalp from the brain. The recorded signals from the brain are rich with useful information. The inference of this useful information is a challenging task. This paper aims to process the EEG signals for the recognition of human emotions specifically happiness, anger, fear, sadness, and surprise in response to audiovisual stimuli. The EEG signals are recorded by placing neurosky mindwave headset on the subject’s scalp, in response… More >

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895

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Eun-Tae Jang¹, Sung Hoon Baek², Ki-Woong Park^1,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5091-5102, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.026663 - 28 July 2022
Abstract When a Windows-based system is used for an exceedingly long time, its performance degrades, and the error occurrence rate tends to increase. This is generally called system aging. To investigate the reasons for system aging, various studies have been conducted within the range of the operating system kernel to the user application. However, finding an accurate reason for system performance degradation remains challenging research topic. In this study, system monitoring was conducted by dividing a system into ‘before software installation,’ ‘after software installation,’ and ‘after software removal.’ We confirmed that when a software installed in… More >

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711

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Eman K. Elsayed¹, Asmaa K. Elsayed^2,*, Kamal A. Eldahshan³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5103-5120, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030803 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Industry 4.0 production environments and smart manufacturing systems integrate both the physical and decision-making aspects of manufacturing operations into autonomous and decentralized systems. One of the key aspects of these systems is a production planning, specifically, Scheduling operations on the machines. To cope with this problem, this paper proposed a Deep Reinforcement Learning with an Actor-Critic algorithm (DRLAC). We model the Job-Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), represent the state of a JSSP as simple Graph Isomorphism Networks (GIN) to extract nodes features during scheduling, and derive the policy of optimal… More >

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Hanan A. Hosni Mahmoud^1,*, Alaaeldin M. Hafez²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5121-5136, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.031485 - 28 July 2022
Abstract A substantial amount of textual data is present electronically in several languages. These texts directed the gear to information redundancy. It is essential to remove this redundancy and decrease the reading time of these data. Therefore, we need a computerized text summarization technique to extract relevant information from group of text documents with correlated subjects. This paper proposes a language-independent extractive summarization technique. The proposed technique presents a clustering-based optimization technique. The clustering technique determines the main subjects of the text, while the proposed optimization technique minimizes redundancy, and maximizes significance. Experiments are devised and… More >

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Jiabin Wu^1,3, Boai Yang², Yang Liu¹, Fang Liu^3,*, Nong Xiao¹, Shuo Li⁴
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5137-5150, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.028305 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Building a new decentralized domain name system based on blockchain technology is helping to solve problems, such as load imbalance and over-dependence on the trust of the central node. However, in the existing blockchain storage system, the storage overhead is very high due to its full-replication data storage mechanism. The total storage consumption for each block is up to O(n) with n nodes. Erasure code applied to blockchains can significantly reduce the storage overhead, but also greatly lower the read performance. In this study, we propose a novel coding scheme for blockchain storage, Combination Locality… More >

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Habib Ullah Khan^1,*, Anwar Hussain², Shah Nazir²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5151-5167, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030837 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Seamless mobility is always one of the major requirements of modern-day communication. In a heterogeneous and massive IoT environment, efficient network-based mobility protocol such as proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), is potentially a good candidate for efficient mobility as well as resource utilization efficiency. Several extensions are devised for performance in the research domain. However, a multi-criterion decision-based resource-efficient PMIPv6 extension is required to achieve efficiency when network resources are overloaded. In this research, a multi-criterion decision-based PMIPv6 scheme is devised that provides better performance when the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) or Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) More >

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S. Rooban^1,*, A. Yamini Naga Ratnam¹, M. V. S. Ramprasad², N. Subbulakshmi³, R. Uma Mageswari⁴
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5169-5184, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027974 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Advanced technology used for arithmetic computing application, comprises greater number of approximate multipliers and approximate adders. Truncation and Rounding-based Scalable Approximate Multiplier (TRSAM) distinguish a variety of modes based on height (h) and truncation (t) as TRSAM (h, t) in the architecture. This TRSAM operation produces higher absolute error in Least Significant Bit (LSB) data shift unit. A new scalable approximate multiplier approach that uses truncation and rounding TRSAM (3, 7) is proposed to increase the multiplier accuracy. With the help of foremost one bit architecture, the proposed scalable approximate multiplier approach reduces the partial products. The proposed… More >

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Guanghao Jin¹, Chunmei Pei¹, Na Zhao¹, Hengguang Li², Qingzeng Song³, Jing Yu^1,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5185-5196, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027307 - 28 July 2022
Abstract When utilizing the deep learning models in some real applications, the distribution of the labels in the environment can be used to increase the accuracy. Generally, to compute this distribution, there should be the validation set that is labeled by the ground truths. On the other side, the dependency of ground truths limits the utilization of the distribution in various environments. In this paper, we carried out a novel system for the deep learning-based classification to solve this problem. Firstly, our system only uses one validation set with ground truths to compute some hyper parameters,… More >

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Hai Long¹, Zhe Wang¹, Yidi Cui^2,3, Junhui Wang⁴, Bo Gao⁵, Chao Chen⁵, Yan Zhu^5,*, Heinrich Herre¹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5197-5217, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.029365 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Psoriasis is a chronic, non-communicable, painful, disfiguring and disabling disease for which there is no cure, with great negative impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL). Diagnosis and treatment with traditional Chinese medical technique based on syndrome differentiation has been used in practice for a long time and proven effective, though, up to now, there are only a few available studies about the use of semantic technologies and the knowledge systems that use Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-syndrome differentiation for information retrieval and automated reasoning. In this paper we use semantic techniques based on ontologies to… More >

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816

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Bennian Dou^1,*, Lei Xu¹, Xiaoling Yu², Lin Mei¹, Cong Zuo³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5219-5231, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030270 - 28 July 2022
Abstract This paper proposes the first code-based quantum immune sequential aggregate signature (SAS) scheme and proves the security of the proposed scheme in the random oracle model. Aggregate signature (AS) schemes and sequential aggregate signature schemes allow a group of potential signers to sign different messages respectively, and all the signatures of those users on those messages can be aggregated into a single signature such that the size of the aggregate signature is much smaller than the total size of all individual signatures. Because of the aggregation of many signatures into a single short signature, AS… More >

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Raed Alhamad^1,*, Hatem Boujemaa²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5233-5244, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030793 - 28 July 2022
Abstract In this article, we optimize the powers associated to Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) users, sensing and harvesting duration for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN). The secondary source harvests energy from node A signal. Then, it senses the channel to detect primary source. Then, the secondary source transmits a signal that is reflected by Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) so that all reflections have a zero phase at any user. A set Ii of reflectors are associated to user Ui. The use of M = Mi = 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8 reflectors per user offers 45, 42, 39, More >

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Nashwa Nageh¹, Ahmed Elshamy¹, Abdel Wahab Said Hassan¹, Mostafa Sami², Mustafa Abdul Salam^3,4,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5245-5268, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.030906 - 28 July 2022
Abstract Team Formation (TF) is considered one of the most significant problems in computer science and optimization. TF is defined as forming the best team of experts in a social network to complete a task with least cost. Many real-world problems, such as task assignment, vehicle routing, nurse scheduling, resource allocation, and airline crew scheduling, are based on the TF problem. TF has been shown to be a Nondeterministic Polynomial time (NP) problem, and high-dimensional problem with several local optima that can be solved using efficient approximation algorithms. This paper proposes two improved swarm-based algorithms for… More >

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