Open Access

ARTICLE

Hemodynamic Response Detection Using Integrated EEG-fNIRS-VPA for BCI

Arshia Arif¹, M. Jawad Khan^1,2,*, Kashif Javed¹, Hasan Sajid^1,2, Saddaf Rubab¹, Noman Naseer³, Talha Irfan Khan⁴

1 National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
2 Intelligent Robotics Lab, National Center of Artificial Intelligence, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
3 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
4 Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

* Corresponding Author: M. Jawad Khan. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis)

Computers, Materials & Continua 2022, 70(1), 535-555. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.018318

Received 04 March 2021; Accepted 21 April 2021; Issue published 07 September 2021

Abstract

For BCI systems, it is important to have an accurate and less complex architecture to control a device with enhanced accuracy. In this paper, a novel methodology for more accurate detection of the hemodynamic response has been developed using a multimodal brain-computer interface (BCI). An integrated classifier has been developed for achieving better classification accuracy using two modalities. An integrated EEG-fNIRS-based vector-phase analysis (VPA) has been conducted. An open-source dataset collected at the Technische Universität Berlin, including simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals of 26 healthy participants during n-back tests, has been used for this research. Instrumental and physiological noise removal has been done using preprocessing techniques followed by individually detecting activity in both modalities. With resting state threshold circle, VPA has been used to detect a hemodynamic response in fNIRS signals, whereas phase plots for EEG signals have been constructed using Hilbert Transform to detect the activity in each trial. Multiple threshold circles are drawn in the vector plane, where each circle is drawn after task completion in each trial of EEG signal. Finally, both processes are integrated into one vector-phase plot to get combined detection of hemodynamic response for activity. Results of this study illustrate that the combined EEG-fNIRS VPA yields considerably higher average classification accuracy, that is 91.35%, as compared to other classifiers such as support vector machine (SVM), convolutional neural networks (CNN), deep neural networks (DNN) and VPA (with dual-threshold circles) with classification accuracies 82%, 89%, 87% and 86% respectively. Outcomes of this research demonstrate that improved classification performance can be feasibly achieved using multimodal VPA for EEG-fNIRS hybrid data.

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