Computers, Materials & Continua DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018793
Article

Design and Implementation of T-Shaped Planar Antenna for MIMO Applications

T. Prabhu1,* and S. Chenthur Pandian2

1Department of ECE, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641035, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of EEE, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641035, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding Author: T. Prabhu. Email: prabhutcbe1206@gmail.com
Received: 21 March 2021; Accepted: 26 April 2021

Abstract: This paper proposes, demonstrates, and describes a basic T-shaped Multi-Input and Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna with a resonant frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Compared with the U-shaped antenna, the mutual coupling is minimized by using a T-shaped patch antenna. The T-shaped patch antenna shapes filter properties are tested to achieve separation over the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz frequency range. The parametric analysis, including width, duration, and spacing, is designed in the MIMO applications for good isolation. On the FR4 substratum, the configuration of MIMO is simulated. The appropriate dielectric material ɛr = 4.4 is introduced using this contribution and application array feature of the MIMO systems. In this paper, FR4 is used due to its high dielectric strength and low cost. For 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and 3SRR, T-shaped patch antennas are used in the field to increase bandwidth. The suggested T-shaped MIMO antenna is calculated according to the HFSS 13.0 program simulation performances. The antenna suggested is, therefore, a successful WLAN candidate.

Keywords: Multi-input and multi-output; FR4 substratum; t-shaped patch antennas; ISM band; HFSS 13.0; WLAN

1  Introduction

Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) devices can send and receive simultaneous signaling at the same power level and maximize high data rate demands in modern communication systems. This is because the MIMO mechanism will increase the channel’s capability at both sides without increasing transmitting power. MIMO devices have considerable interest in improving stability and power on the platform of wireless mobile communications.

In compact MIMO antenna architecture, one crucial consideration is to minimize associations between certain elements, particularly the interconnections between various elements and the electromagnetic interactions [1]. When the radio contact includes more than one antenna, this is known as (MIMO) [2]. MIMO can be used for both channel robustness and channel efficiency enhancements.

To ultimately gain from MIMO [3], it is essential to use channel coding for distinguishing information from various channels. Several types of MIMO can be used from SISO, like SIMO and MISO, to complete the MIMO system. This requires processing but gives additional channel robs/data throughput capacity. These all can increase efficiency significantly, but usually at the disadvantage of the extra processing and the number of antennas used [4]. When selecting the correct alternative, performance balances against costs, available capacity, and the resulting battery life have to be accomplished. Shannon’s law determines the highest rate at which erroneous data may be transported in the presence of noise over a given bandwidth.

Although some changes can be made to simplify the modulation system and increase the signal-to-noise ratio, these changes are not necessarily straightforward or inexpensive, and they often represent a compromise to accommodate the different factors involved. Therefore, more ways to enhance the data output on various networks are required [5]. MIMO is one way to improve wireless networking and is thus of great importance. The fact that MIMO can provide additional storage capacity is one of the main benefits of spatial multiplexing. This is achieved by spatial multiplexing by using multiple paths as external channels for data transfer. The overall volume of data accessible on radio channels is constrained by the physical limitations established by Shannon’s law.

2  Related Works

This section explores the related research on the design and analysis of Ulta-WideBand (UWB) for wireless applications. A new design [6] for a wideband dual-polarized aperture-coupled patch antenna with dumbbell-shaped coupling slots is presented. The printed antenna consists of two stacked patches and an aperture slotted ground plane, excited using a microstrip line feed. A two-slot dual-polarized antenna with a return loss bandwidth of 505 MHz is introduced using the proposed configuration. The proposed antenna is designed for 2.45 GHz and achieves stable and desirable radiation characteristics across the band. There the antenna proposed is composed of two UWB-performing microstrip-fed offset antenna components [7]. The antenna elements are positioned perpendicular to each other to achieve high insulation and polarization diversity. A parasite T-shaped strip is used as a decoupling mechanism between the radiating components to eliminate the reciprocal relation further. Furthermore, the 5.5 GHz notched band is made by grafting onto the ground a pair of L-slides. The prototype of the antenna has been designed and tracked with a small scale of 38.5×38.5  mm2. There is a new multi-input Vivaldi multi-output ultra-broadband antenna with dual-band rating features [8]. The antenna being proposed [9] consists of 2 UWB slot antennas and is smaller by size 22×26  mm2 than other antennas, only with an antenna part. The antenna is very compact. A T-fit slot is grafted to enhance the low-frequency impedance stability and minimize reciprocal coupling for the 4 GHz frequencies. The increase of isolation in the 3–4 GHz band is accomplished by inserting a line slot to cancel the initial relation. This paper [10] presents a low-level UWB Multiservice antenna with low reciprocal couples with high efficiency. In a shared floor plan, two radiation components are present for an area of 50×30  mm2 in the proposed antenna. In the designed antenna’s joint ground plane, f-form stubs are placed in the MIMO antenna elements to provide high isolation. The designed antenna has an inferior MIMO connectivity (S21 < −20 dB), poor enclosure correlation factor (ECC < 0.04), a high density (DG > 7.4 dB), and excellent output multiplexing (μux > −3.5). There, a Compact 5G Wireless MIMO monopolistic antenna application is mentioned [11]. The antenna of diversity suggested four equivalent rhombic monopoly radiators orthogonally designed to achieve greater insulation of polarizations inter elements and diversity. MIMO port shows an impedance bandwidth of 10.5 GHz and an isolation part larger than 18 dB. The elliptic ring resounding systems for elimination of 3.5 GHz (Wi-MAX) and 5.5 GHz (WLAN) strips from the UWB range are also equipped with antenna radiators. The proposed [12] an eye-shaped MIMO antenna for wireless applications. A lightweight auto-similar fractal antenna is added, which includes a standard multi-input UWB. Projected [13] a compact and simple Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) with defected dumbbell-shaped ground configuration. The experimental study investigates the considerable cross-polarized (XP) radiation suppression corresponding to utmost co-polarized gain devoid of disturbing the radiation pattern that is co-polarized. The studies illustrate that the projected antenna has an admirable XP radiation to co-polarized radiation separation over the broad angle of elevation in the broadside region for different characteristic ratios (width to length ratio) of RMPA. The projected design is warranted in the concrete light hypothetical examination. The studied [14] theoretically and experimentally regarding rectangular patch with dumbbell-bent patch surface for enhancing the purity of polarization over wide broad impedance bandwidth and angular range. More than 30 dB ratios, co- to cross-polarization (CP-XP) [15] in surplus of complete angular range in the broadside route region with extensive bandwidth impedance was attained. Furthermore, the current configuration was free from reverse radiation concerning fields XP, which could restrain the XP radiation efficiently in various diagonal planes. The current configuration was straightforward and simple to produce. The current study offers a visualization-dependent insightful concurrent improvement understanding of the bandwidth impedance and the radiation characteristics XP through the current configuration. The projected [16] Dielectric Resonator (DR) dependent MIMO antenna with improved separation was projected in this literature. The anticipated MIMO antenna comprises four Hemispherical shaped Dielectric Resonator (HDR) that radiates at 4.9 GHz. It reveals [17] that there has been a wide and rapid growth in the field of wireless communication systems in the last two decades. Nowadays, every modern wireless equipment is implemented with Wi-Fi. As the wireless field is growing day by day, it aims to better image, speed, and data communications. The proposed [18] UWB microstrip patch antenna consists of a circular ring with a microstrip feed line. The antenna was being designed on substrate FR-4 with (30 × 35 × 0.9) mm dimension and 4.4 dielectric substrates. Projected [19] that the future Internet will rely on mobile networks to a huge level. Mobile data developed by 70% in 2012 and was supposed to produce 13-fold in the subsequent 5 years. Presented the performance of wideband printed dipole antenna with open sleeve dumbbell-shaped structure [20–22]. Also, printed dipole for unidirectional radiation patterns with dumbbell-shaped open sleeve structure was employed to get better impedance matching on the lower band for the reason of producing two points resonant; while two freeloading patches were too employed [23–25] for increasing the lower band bandwidth. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design solution at 900 MHz, a chassis with two T-shaped metal strips above its longer edges is used as an example modification and ECC value is 0.5 [26]. For better separation, two antenna elements sharing a shared ground plane are located orthogonally to each other. At 8.33 GHz, the antenna has a high peak gain of 8.69 dBi. The multiband MIMO antenna is capable of resonating at the following frequencies: 1.9, 2.9, 3.2, 5.0, 5.6, and 7.74 GHz [27]. The antenna’s peak gain varies from 3.2 to 8.69 dBi, and mutual coupling is greater than −20 dB. Using separate switching ON/OFF states of PIN and varactor diodes, the UWB mode and reconfigurable contact mode are achieved. The antenna can span the spectrum from 1 to 4.5 GHz in UWB mode, while in reconfigurable communication mode, it achieves frequency reconfigurability over a broad range from 0.9 to 2.6 GHz using varactor diode tuning [28]. Though there were several design schemes employed in the antenna design there were some limitations like reduced performance of dielectric material, isolation, dimension, bandwidth, and ECC. Hence to overcome these shortcomings, the proposed structure is designed with more specific compared with other structures. Tab. 1 illustrates the comparison between several UWB MIMO antenna with proposed antenna. It is observed form the comparison table, the proposed antenna design has very low ECC (≤ 0.00185) and better isolation (S21 ≥ 29.5 dB).

3  Proposed Work

Ultra-wideband is a wireless technology that requires deficient energy levels for fast, high-frequency communications across most radio spectrums. UWB has conventional non-cooperative visualization capabilities. UWB typically applies to an indicator or device with a limited relative bandwidth exceeding 20% or an absolute range exceeding 500 MHz. As the applications of UWB MIMO antenna supports for long range communication with low transmission power this band can be utilized, that in-turn applicable for Internet of Things (IoT). A study and order of 14th February 2002 utilizing the Federal Communications Commission authorize unlicensed utilization of the UWB at 3.1–10.6 GHz. This is projected to offer a competent utilization of scarce radio bandwidth whereas enabling both the high rate of Personal Area Network (PAN) wireless connectivity data and long-range applications of low data rate in addition to imaging and radar systems.

The general concept of a single-link contact device is seen in Fig. 1. It consists of three main contact components: a transmitter, channel, and receiver. The transmitter input information is the message to be transmitted to the destination from the source. The transmitter’s essential function is to relay the message to the channel via an antenna. An antenna is a way to radiate (send antenna) or receive (absorb antenna) radio waves. Data modulation is the systematic modification of the carrier signal’s characteristics as amplitude, phase, or frequency by message signal. (a) ease of transmission, (b) minimize noise and interference, and (c) relay multiple signals over a single channel can be used to modulate a message using a sender. It is amplified through a power amplifier before transmitting the signal out of the transmission antenna. The channel is the mechanism used to meet the destination or source of the transmitting data. When the data is transmitted through the channel, other undesirable results are seen. For example, it absorbs the noise from the local environment, and since the signal reflects and responds from different barriers to the signal line, the signal sent by the transmitter is emitted in various forms, also known as multi-track, at various times. Even the transmitter signal may be entirely obscured or blacked out by barriers. The recipient’s job is to remove the requested message from the received signal.

Figure 1: Typical block diagram (a) Narrowband (b) UWB transmitter

UWB communication differs radically from all other communication methods because the pulses produced by a UWB pulse generator are used to communicate between transmitters and recipients by extremely narrow RF pulses. The use of a short-term pulse as the contact blocks directly produces an extensive bandwidth, as the interpretation of the Fourier frequency domain is based on the assumption that a minimal signal in a time domain provides a comprehensive spectrum signal. An important distinction between standard radio transmissions and UWB radio transmissions is the standard transmissions relay information by separate energy/frequency/phase modulation of the sinusoidal wave. UWB transmissions can relay data by producing radio power at particular times and taking up broad bandwidths, allowing pulse or time modulation. Details on UWB signals may also be transmitted (modulated) by encoding pulse polarity and pulse amplitude/orthogonal pulses. UWB pulses can be emitted sporadically to support time-position modulation at comparatively lower pulse frequencies and be emitted at rates up to the opposite of the UWB pulse spectrum. At channels pulse rates above 1.3 Gps, pulse-UWB systems assisted forward error correction encoded data rates above 675 Mbps were demonstrated. UWB communication is carriers accessible, such that data, as in the case of narrowband and broadband systems, are not modulated in a continuous waveform with a particular carrier frequency.

This section discusses the Two T-shaped planar antennae for the operation of the MIMO design technique in detail. In Fig. 2, the planned flexible textile antenna is shown.

Figure 2: Two t-shaped antennas with a substrate 30 mm × 45 mm FR-4

The Federal communications authorize UWB communications between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz. Then the center frequency is calculated by using the formula value as 5.7 GHz. To minimize the antenna size, the effect on antenna efficiency of different parameters is noted first, and no particular parameter is found to affect just one antenna character. The antenna resonance frequency varies considerably due to the reduction in size and the feedback leakage bandwidth reduces. Also, it no longer displays an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The patch, in this case, is similar to a capacitive load, which may reduce the antenna’s resonance frequency. Consequently, a significant size reduction can be accomplished without altering the radiation pattern by accurately selecting the patch’s dimension. The Ansoft HFSS is used to direct the development and antenna geometry is to minimize experimental cut-and-trying process cycles. For MIMO applications on impedances and radiation patterns of the array, the T-shaped antenna array is planned.

When several antennas are mounted with space less than λ/2, the radiation efficiency of antenna and channel capability is often severely degraded by reciprocal coupling. To further separate the MIMO antenna, the lower and the top bands are fitted with an inverted T-slot and a revolving resonant line extension. The feed lines then comprise two T-slits, which achieve greater impedance. A high isolation MIMO dual-band antenna with improved bandwidth for WLAN will finally be acquired using the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) in the ground plane. Here, the operating frequency was taken between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz for analysis Eq. (1) :

Pw=v2f021+εr (1)

where W is the width of the patch, f0 is the resonance frequency, v is the signal speed, Eq. (2)

PL=Leff−2ΔP (2)

where PL is the length of the patch, Leff = effective length, ΔP is the length extension, Eq. (3)

Leff=v2f021+εeff (3)

where εeff is the substrate dielectric constant, Eq. (4)

Ifeedpoint=Lεeff and Yfeedpoint=Pw2 (4)

where Ifeedpoint is the input feed point along the X-axis and Yfeedpoint represents the feed point along the Y-axis, Eq. (5)

ΔL=0.412h(εeff+0.3)/[(PWPh+1.0)(PWPh)] (5)

where ΔL is the process of length adjustment, Eq. (6)

εeff=εr+12+εr−12⌈1+12(PwPh)⌉∧12 (6)

Where εeff is the substrate dielectric constant, Eqs. (7) and (8)

Ls=2h+L (7)

Ws=2h+W (8)

The parameter of the suggested antenna is depicted below.

The performance of Two T-shaped planar antennae depends significantly on the feed point location, which can be located at the Ifeedpoint, Yfeedpoint  point as shown in Fig. 3. Where Ifeedpoint, Yfeedpoint is the direction of the source point on the X and Y. Simulation was carried out by taking values along the x-axis and y-axis to find the optimal feeding point relevant to better output of two T-shaped planar antennas. The theoretical feeding point position is calculated using parameter values described in Tab. 2, where the theoretical values and the axis (X, Y) are to be determined. This analysis was made by taking a few above and below positions. Best results could be achieved on the X and Y by relating the loss of return attained, VSWR, directivity, cost, performance, on the whole, radiation pattern, etc.

Figure 3: Co-axial probe feed location

The simulation and optimization were carried out with a T-shape microstrip antenna’s configuration with an operating frequency of between 3.1 and 10.6 MHz. Then, the circular metamaterial 3-SRR was applied to the antenna base to expand its bandwidth, as shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4: SRR circular type

The projected configuration of planar two T-shaped MIMO antennas with 3-circular SRR is shown in Fig. 5 in the 3-D model. The compression is rendered with co-axial feed for these two T-shaped antennas.

Figure 5: Representation of proposed design in 3D model

4  Performance Analysis

In this step, initial simultaneous use of the measurements of the T-shaped antenna was carried out. Such optimization was again carried out to achieve the final simulation’s effects, including optimizing the number of three circular SRR metamaterial on the ground level, where three SRR metamaterials were applied to the final antenna configuration.

Fig. 6 displays the return loss results of antenna simulation after optimization. It is shown that a return loss of less than −10 dB can be obtained during the simulation.

Figure 6: Return loss analysis of the proposed design

It is determined using a particular frequency spectrum that the voltage signal to noise ratio gives power capabilities. Fig. 7 clearly outlines the examination of VSWR.

Figure 7: Analysis of Voltage signal to noise ratio

Fig. 8 indicates the designed radiation pattern at various wavelengths. The given diagram shows the radiation pattern of the 3-SRR antenna as a directional radiation pattern, which was noticed by the simulation. The radiation pattern arising from the simulation thus satisfied the required initial criterion, which is directional. The radiation pattern of the antenna is defined during simulation to add the ISM Band MIMO. The antenna continuously irradiates radio wave radiation in all directions in one plane, with the radiated power falling at zero on an antenna point by a height above and below the surface. This can be attuned in any orientation.

Figure 8: The radiation pattern of the suggested model

Fig. 9 shows that there is a gain of 1.92 dB on an antenna of four three-strand metamaterials. In the meantime, Figs. 8 and 9 demonstrate the antenna radiation model of 3-SRR simulation metamaterials.

Figure 9: Radiation pattern gain

The Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) is another significant parameter of the MIMO antennas. An ECC can be used to test the complexity of a MIMO scheme. ECC = 0 means the antennas are decoupled completely, as ECC = 1 means they are short-circuited essentially (Fig. 10). Here, the ECC value seems to be 0.00185, making it decoupled.

Figure 10: Envelope correlation co-efficient

5  Conclusions

By adjusting the feed point settings, the output of a planar T-shaped antenna is controlled. The return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern were measured at each feeding point location. It is exposed that the feed point position selection by reducing the optimal return loss and other restraining aspects will significantly increase the gain, directivity, and effectiveness of an antenna patch. In this part of the research work, the UWB band could be achieved using three circular type SRR in the ground plane. In future, this work can be further extended by enhancing the bandwidth by means of varying the shape and materials used.

Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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