Open Access

ARTICLE

Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Machine Intelligence through Deep Transfer and Representational Learning

Fouzia Nawaz¹, Muhammad Ramzan¹, Khalid Mehmood¹, Hikmat Ullah Khan², Saleem Hayat Khan^3,4, Muhammad Raheel Bhutta^5,*

1 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan and School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54782, Pakistan
2 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
3 University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
4 Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea

* Corresponding Author: Muhammad Raheel Bhutta. Email: