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Tetralogy of Fallot: Anatomy, Physiology, and Outcomes

by Edo Bedzra1,*, Eli Contorno2, Herra Javed2, Amna Qasim3, James St. Louis4, Taufiek Konrad Rajab2

1 Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
2 Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
3 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
4 Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

* Corresponding Author: Edo Bedzra. Email: email

Congenital Heart Disease 2024, 19(6), 541-562. https://doi.org/10.32604/chd.2025.059788

Abstract

Since the first identification of Tetralogy of Fallot in 1671, consisting of a combination of anatomical defects including biventricular origin of the aorta, maligned ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and narrowing or atresia of the pulmonary outflow tract. The first successful operation consisted of a shunt between the left subclavian artery and pulmonary artery. Following this palliative procedure, complete repair is performed once the patient reaches indicative criteria. Since the first attempts at surgical palliation and repair, techniques and outcomes have improved drastically. Definitive repair of Tetralogy of Fallot consists of a multi-patch closure of any Ventricular Septal Defect along with clearance of any muscular obstructions of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and reconstruction of the outflow tract. Current results of Tetralogy of Fallot palliation yield excellent long and short-term results with 5-year freedom from reintervention of 90%. The iterative improvement of repair techniques has greatly reduced intraoperative and postoperative complications. Future innovations such as increased use of percutaneous repair methods and additional data on the benefits of primary repair as opposed to staged palliation will continue to improve patient outcomes.

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Cite This Article

APA Style
Bedzra, E., Contorno, E., Javed, H., Qasim, A., Louis, J.S. et al. (2024). Tetralogy of fallot: anatomy, physiology, and outcomes. Congenital Heart Disease, 19(6), 541–562. https://doi.org/10.32604/chd.2025.059788
Vancouver Style
Bedzra E, Contorno E, Javed H, Qasim A, Louis JS, Rajab TK. Tetralogy of fallot: anatomy, physiology, and outcomes. Congeni Heart Dis. 2024;19(6):541–562. https://doi.org/10.32604/chd.2025.059788
IEEE Style
E. Bedzra, E. Contorno, H. Javed, A. Qasim, J. S. Louis, and T. K. Rajab, “Tetralogy of Fallot: Anatomy, Physiology, and Outcomes,” Congeni. Heart Dis., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 541–562, 2024. https://doi.org/10.32604/chd.2025.059788



cc Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Tech Science Press.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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