Open Access

ARTICLE

Expert Consensus on Nutritional Support for Children with Congenital Heart Disease (2023 Edition)

Xuming Mo^1,*, Wei Cai^2,*, Jirong Qi¹, Zhuoming Xu³, Ying Wang⁴, Weihui Yan⁴, Shoujun Li⁵, Nianguo Dong⁶, Xinxin Chen⁷, Jinfen Liu³, Qiang Shu⁸, Jimei Chen⁹, Haibo Zhang³, Hao Zhang¹⁰, Quansheng Xing¹¹, Qi An¹², Xiaofeng Li¹³, Xu Wang¹⁴, Yan He¹⁵, Junwu Su¹⁶, Taibing Fan¹⁷, Teng Ming¹⁸, Weibing Tang¹⁹, Li Hong²⁰, Jinghao Zheng³, Ming Ye²¹, Guocheng Sun²², Yiqun Ding²³, Liang Tao²⁴, Yifeng Yang²⁵, Zhongshi Wu²⁵, Hua Cao²⁶, Qiang Wang¹⁶, Keming Yang⁵, Libing Zhang²⁷, Ping Wen²⁸, Yanqin Cui²⁹, Bo Zhai³⁰, Yong Zou¹⁸, Qingya Tang³¹, Rui Chen¹¹, Chun Wu³², Zhiyu Feng³³, Caixia Liu³⁴, Yaping Mi²¹, Rufang Zhang³⁵, Ke Lin¹², Xin Li³⁶, Mingan Pi³⁷, Xiangming Fan⁸, Shanshan Shi³⁸, Peng Huang³⁹, Zhengxia Pan³², Jiafeng Qi⁴⁰, Renwei Chen⁴¹, Shuguang Tao⁴², Yaqin Shu¹, Huifeng Zhang²¹, Lan Jiang¹, Min Da¹, Nishant Patel¹, Liang Hu¹, Cardiac Surgery Group of Pediatric Surgery Society of Chinese Medical Association, Parenteral Enteral Nutrition Society of Chinese Medical Association

1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
2 Department of Pediatric Surgery and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
3 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
4 Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
5 Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
6 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
7 Cardiovascular Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
8 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China
9 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 519041, China
10 Heart Center and Shanghai Institue of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, National Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
11 Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao, 266034, China
12 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
13 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, 100045, China
14 Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
15 Department of ICU in Pediatric Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
16 Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
17 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 451460, China
18 Pediatric Heart Disease Treatment Center of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
19 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
20 Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
21 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
22 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
23 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
24 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Wuhan, 430056, China
25 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
26 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Children’s Hospital (Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center), College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
27 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
28 Heart Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children’s Medical Center (Group), Dalian, 116699, China
29 Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
30 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, 451161, China
31 Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
32 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
33 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
34 Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030025, China
35 Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
36 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215002, China
37 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430019, China
38 Department of Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China
39 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China
40 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Harbin Children’s Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150010, China
41 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, 571103, China
42 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China

* Corresponding Authors: Xuming Mo. Email: ; Wei Cai. Email: