Congenital Heart Disease

DOI: 10.32604/CHD.2020.012039

ARTICLE

Managing the Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patient in the COVID-19 Pandemic—A New York Perspective

Jodi L. Feinberg1, Frank Cecchin1,2, Arianna Gonzalez1, Emily Johnson2 and Dan G. Halpern1,*

1Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
2Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
*Corresponding Author: Dan G. Halpern. Email: Dan.Halpern@nyulangone.org
Received: 12 June 2020; Accepted: 02 July 2020

1  Introduction

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges for healthcare professionals internationally. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease are at increased risk for worse outcomes when infected with COVID-19 [1]. Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) represent a growing population of primarily young adults whose co-morbidities likely put them at an inherently high risk of complications from the COVID-19 infection [2]. This brief report delineates the strategies we have used in our ACHD program to manage ACHD patients during this global health crisis at one of the initial epicenters of the pandemic in New York City.

2  Preparing the ACHD Medical Team

2.1 High Risk Patient List

As ACHD centers prepare for local fluctuations of COVID-19 cases over the coming months and varying degrees of stay-at-home orders, there are actions the medical team can take to ensure safety and anticipate patient needs for both routine cardiac care and care for patients with COVID-19 (Tab. 1). Creating a list of patients at increased risk for severe outcomes of COVID-19 will allow ACHD clinicians to proactively monitor these patients with virtual visits or check in phone calls. Patients with complex congenital heart disease (Anatomy Stage III or Physiological Stages B, C, or D according to ACHD Anatomy and Physiological Stage Classification) are considered to be at increased risk for complications of COVID-19 [2,3]. Additional patients who may be considered high risk include (a) patients with respiratory diseases such as restrictive lung disease, asthma, hypoplastic lungs, cyanosis, or recurrent pneumonias, (b) patients who are pregnant, and (c) patients who need procedures or surgeries in the near future. Furthermore, there is concern that patients are hesitant to report cardiac symptoms, follow routine cardiac care, or go to the hospital for cardiac emergencies due to fear during the pandemic. The ACHD medical team should encourage patients to seek prompt medical attention as needed to avoid cardiovascular complications.

2.2 Access to Care

Developing workflows and innovative strategies to ensure patients have access to care is a crucial component of preparedness for the medical team. Telemedicine is an effective intervention to provide care for cardiac patients safely at home [4]. It is important that ACHD teams have adequate technology and access to virtual information technology (IT) support. Patients participating in telemedicine should be encouraged to obtain pulse-oximetry devices, blood pressures cuffs and scales, depending on their condition, in order to undergo routine cardiac monitoring at home.

Additional opportunities to provide continuous cardiac care at home include at-home lab draws and cardiac event monitors that can be mailed to the patient. It may be helpful to have cardiac event monitors with QTc monitoring capabilities as some medications experimentally used with COVID-19, such as lopinavir/ritonavir prolong the QTc interval [5,6]. Previous QTc prolonging agents such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are no longer recommended at this time [7–9]. Other commercially available rhythm monitoring devices and watches may be useful, although limited data is available at this time. ACHD centers that provide testing in the hospital can consider offering testing at satellite or local locations to reduce risk of exposure.

Urgent care centers have increased in popularity as an alternative care site for non-emergent conditions [10]. The COVID-19 pandemic has also led to an increase in utilization of technology for early evaluation of respiratory symptoms [11]. ACHD centers should develop a relationship with urgent care centers and virtual urgent care to evaluate their patients and collaborate to make decisions about testing, care escalation, and treatment. As it may be challenging in the ACHD patient to distinguish between COVID-19 and cardiac symptomatology, the current pandemic should raise high level of suspicion of COVID-19 complicating a baseline heart condition.

The use of patient-centered medical homes and care coordination, which have always been mainstays in care of the ACHD patient, is crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to reduce risk of exposure [12,13]. For patients that require in person visits or testing, ACHD teams should coordinate care for visits with multiple providers or multiple testing modalities on the same day at the same location to minimize risk of exposure.

2.3 Anticoagulation

Clinicians must address patients requiring anticoagulation in a timely fashion to ensure they can safely remain anticoagulated. Anticoagulation is recommended for many patients with congenital heart disease for a variety of reasons including mechanical heart valves, arrhythmia, and prior thrombotic events, amongst others [3]. ACHD centers can collaborate with anticoagulation clinics to offer self-testing for INR at home, as telemedicine and oral anticoagulation management with self-testing are suitable and safe options [14]. Patients with stable INR can be offered extended INR testing with an interval of up to 12 weeks [15]. The ACHD guidelines recommend anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in adults with Fontan palliation with known or suspected thrombus, thromboembolic events, or prior atrial arrhythmia, and no contraindications to anticoagulation [3]. Given the challenges of VKA monitoring during the pandemic, and based on a recent large international multi-center prospective study demonstrating safety and efficacy of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in Fontan patients, NOACs may be considered instead of VKAs on a case by case basis [16].

3  Preparing the ACHD Patient

An important aspect of ACHD care during the COVID-19 pandemic is educating and empowering patients with the information they need to reduce their risk of infection and maintain their health at home. ACHD clinicians should keep their patients informed with current guidelines and recommendations for staying safe during the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to what to do if a family member or roommate develops viral symptoms. Patients can be offered 90-day prescriptions for medications or transition to delivery pharmacies to reduce their risk of exposure by traveling frequently to the pharmacy.

Outreach and educational programs are important components of care for ACHD patients, as some patients exhibit a lack of awareness about their condition in general [3,17]. Because of the novel and evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients may be unaware of symptoms and less likely to report symptoms to their provider. For example, patients may be unaware that gastrointestinal symptoms appear to be more common in presentation in New York City than in China during the initial outbreak [18]. Patients should also be educated about loss of sense of taste and smell as a common symptom associated with COVID-19 [19]. Additionally, empowering patients with an action plan for what to do if they develop symptoms may increase the likelihood of effective and efficient care, as well as ease anxiety. This action plan must include alerting the ACHD team, as involving ACHD specialists in patient care improves outcomes [3]. Patients should keep in their wallet or on their mobile phone relevant health information easily accessible for emergency situations to be provided to emergency personnel or clinicians at an outside hospital, including their past medical history, medications, and ACHD team contact information, which patients may already have in their medical passports [17].

As many patients are confined to their homes, they are often exercising less, which leads to deconditioning. Patients may report an increase in palpitations and lightheadedness, as those who are deconditioned are more likely to experience orthostatic hypotension and sinus tachycardia. ACHD clinicians should encourage patients to stay active at home and set daily step goals. Additionally, ACHD patients have an increased prevalence of anxiety and depression, which is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes [20]. The COVID-19 pandemic, similar to other public health emergencies, has increased the need for psychological support for individuals across the country [21]. ACHD clinicians can collaborate with social work to prepare a toolkit of resources for mental health support at home. Telemedicine may also play a role in managing psychological health for patients at home [22].

4  Medical Care of the ACHD Patient with COVID-19

As the number of patients with COVID-19 and ACHD inevitably continues to grow, we aim to share the strategies we have used to care for our increasing number of infected patients. Patients should undergo diagnostic testing as soon as possible when symptoms are suspected to aid in early detection and management. Because testing may be limited or untimely in certain regions of the country, diagnosis of COVID-19 may be based on clinical evaluation, close contact and prior travel history, regardless of testing [18]. Although COVID-19 may be the top differential diagnosis based on clinical presentation and current local transmission rates, it is important to consider a wide differential, including bacterial endocarditis. Patients with the highest risk for endocarditis include those with previous history of infective endocarditis, prosthetic heart valve replacement, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and cardiac implanted electronic device [23]. Endocarditis and COVID-19 have some similarities in their clinical presentation, such as fever, fatigue and myalgia. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of subacute bacterial endocarditis should be taken into consideration with a low threshold for taking blood cultures in the febrile patient.

ACHD programs should offer daily to weekly check in phone calls to patients who have COVID-19, depending on severity of viral symptoms and congenital heart disease, to closely monitor the patient and provide recommendations. In an effort to identify cases of COVID-19 in ACHD patients at the earliest stage, check in phone calls may also be made to patients with roommates or family members that are suspected of having COVID-19. Home daily oxygen saturation monitoring, especially in patients with baseline desaturation, is valuable for diagnosis of COVID-19 related to pulmonary involvement. Periodic home weights may aid in diuretic management, as dehydration is a common finding in affected patients.

Strategies utilized for COVID-19 management in the ACHD patient may include early detection and treatment of pneumonia, as well as use of bronchodilators for residual shortness of breath. The relationship between renin angiotensin system blockers and COVID-19, and the concern for increased risk of severe disease has been a subject of much debate, which has been clarified as non-significant by several large investigations [24,25]. On March 17, 2020, the ACC, American Heart Association and Heart Failure Society of America recommended the continuation of renin aldosterone angiotensin system antagonists for those who are currently prescribed these agents for indications which these agents are known to be beneficial, such as heart failure, hypertension, or ischemic heart disease [26].

INR may be impacted with any acute illness, especially for patients demonstrating reduced dietary intake or diarrhea, and therefore should be closely monitored for patients with COVID-19 who take VKAs (see considerations for transition to NOACs above). Of note, lopinavir-ritonavir, experimentally used in COVID-19 treatment, interacts with NOACs [27]. Thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19 have emerged as an important issue during the pandemic [28]. Studies have found anticoagulation therapy in severe COVID-19 patients with markedly elevated D-dimer was associated with better outcomes [29,30]. Although patients with cyanosis and Fontan palliation have an inherent risk of thrombosis, a tailored approach with careful consideration of anticoagulation should be performed. Medication compliance for those already on anticoagulation should be reinforced.

5  Limitations

There is currently a gap in knowledge about the management and complications of the ACHD patient with COVID-19, and many COVID-19 publications are experiential. Further studies are underway in the ACHD field to address these gaps in literature.

6  Conclusion

This brief report depicts our local experience with ACHD patients during the COVID-19 global health crisis and how we adapted our program to accommodate their continuous cardiac needs while reducing their risk of exposure to COVID-19. As the rate of COVID-19 infections continues to fluctuate in various geographic locations in the coming months, ACHD programs must be prepared to adapt to offer continuous cardiac care largely at home and have strategies in place to manage patients with active COVID-19 infections. Larger investigations are currently underway to provide insight as to the effects of COVID-19 in this complex group of patients.

Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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