Open Access

ARTICLE

Increased regurgitant flow causes endocardial cushion defects in an avian embryonic model of congenital heart disease

Stephanie M. Ford¹, Matthew T. McPheeters², Yves T. Wang³, Pei Ma¹³, Shi Gu³, James Strainic⁴, Christopher Snyder⁴, Andrew M. Rollins³, Michiko Watanabe², Michael W. Jenkins²

1 Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Division of Neonatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
2 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
3 Case Western Reserve University Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
4 Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

* Corresponding Author: Stephanie Ford, University Hospitals, 11100 Euclid Ave, MS 6010, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Email: