Open Access

REVIEW

Mitochondrial-epigenetic crosstalk as an integrative standpoint into gut microbiome dysbiosis and related diseases

by VINíCIUS AUGUSTO SIMãO¹, LUIZ GUSTAVO DE ALMEIDA CHUFFA¹, LEóN FERDER², FELIPE INSERRA², WALTER MANUCHA^3,4,*

1 Department of Structural and Functional Biology, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
2 Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1405, Argentina
3 Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
4 Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, 5500, Argentina

* Corresponding Author: WALTER MANUCHA. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Gut Microbiota in Human Health: Exploring the Complex Interplay)

BIOCELL 2024, 48(10), 1429-1442. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2024.053478

Received 01 May 2024; Accepted 12 August 2024; Issue published 02 October 2024

Abstract

The interplay between mitochondria, epigenetics, and the microbiota is intricately linked to both health and disease. Within our cells, a complex molecular dance occurs, where these components intertwine in a mesmerizing ballet that plays a decisive role in our health. Mitochondria, beyond being energy powerhouses, modulate nuclear gene expression through messengers like reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and calcium. Epigenetics, acting as the molecular conductor, regulates the expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes through modifications like DNA methylation. The intestinal microbiota itself produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that influence mitochondrial activity. SCFA-induced epigenetic modifications, like histone acetylation, impact mitochondrial function which may lead to disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction generates retrograde signals that alter nuclear gene expression, as evidenced by increased histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) in genes essential for neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial reprogramming. Alterations in the mitochondrial-nuclear-microbiota axis are associated with diseases including diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Modulating the intestinal microbiota with probiotics or prebiotics can restore balance while intervening in mitochondrial pathways, which can be a therapeutic strategy. Additionally, using epigenetic agents like histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can reprogram gene expression and improve mitochondrial function. Finally, the present review aims to explore the central interplay between mitochondria, epigenetics modifications, and microbiota in a complex and dynamic molecular context that plays a fundamental role in human health. Specifically, it will examine the impact of microbiome components and metabolites generated from normobiosis and dysbiosis on mitochondria and epigenetic modifications across different diseases and metabolic conditions. This integrated understanding of the molecular players and their interactions provides a deeper perspective on how to promote health and potentially combat disease.

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