DOI:10.32604/biocell.2022.018014
| BIOCELL DOI:10.32604/biocell.2022.018014 | |
| Article |
Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates palmitate-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via regulation on miR-133b/Sirt1 axis
1Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
2Comparative Medicine Institution of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hai’an Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
4Department of Paediatric, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
5Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, the 6th People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, 226001, China
*Address correspondence to: Qinghua Wang, wangqh@ntu.edu.cn; Xiaodi Zhou, 13962997058@163.com
#These authors contributed equally to this work
Received: 23 June 2021; Accepted: 28 August 2021
Abstract: Excessive fat ectopically deposited in the non-adipose tissues is considered as one of the leading causes of myopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in palmitate (PAL)-incubated H9c2 cells (lipotoxicity-induced cell injury model). Cell viability of PAL-treated cells was determined by MTT assay, and apoptotic regulators were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis, in the absence or in the presence of DHA, respectively. Expression levels of miR-133b and Sirt1 were also evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting examination. PAL decreased the viability of H9c2 cells and enhanced the expression of apoptotic genes. DHA reversed the effect of PAL on cell viability and lowed the level of Caspase3 and Bax. It also lowered the expression of miR-133b, while enhanced the expression of Bcl-2. Sirt1 was revealed as target of miR-133b through transcriptional regulation and the process was affected by DHA. DHA partially protected against the PAL-induced lipotoxicity by influencing the expression of miR-133b that hindered the activity of Sirt1. DHA may be used as a potential treatment in clinical management for lipotoxicity induced heart complications.
Keywords: microRNA-133b; Palmitate acid; Cardiomyocytes; Sirt1; Dihydroaretemisinin
The incidence of complications of non-communicable metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, etc., has increased recently and became a major death cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide (Heallen et al., 2019; Huntington et al., 2021). Clinical and animal model studies have shown that diabetic cardiomyopathy often presents fatty acid metabolic disorders, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia (Zang et al., 2020). Lipotoxicity is defined as the exotic accumulation of excessive lipids in non-adipose tissues, resulting in cell dysfunction and apoptosis (Zhang et al., 2021a). Excessive saturated fatty acid accumulation in the heart will increase the consumption of fatty acid, and the redox reaction of fatty acid will increase by about 2 times, while the oxidative phosphorylation process of glucose will be inhibited by 30–40%, which will aggravate the local energy supply and oxygen consumption of the heart, resulting in local hypoxia (Kakimoto et al., 2021; Kanamori et al., 2021). Lipotoxic metabolites and reactive oxygen species lead to cardiomyocytes damage and variations of subcellular structure, such as Golgi, mitochondria and DNA, which result in the cardiomyocyte apoptosis (Liu et al., 2020). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis has been widely reported as one of the main causes of cardiac dysfunction in clinical and basic research, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and heart ischemia-reperfusion (Noronha-Dutra and Steen, 1982; Terman and Brunk, 1998). However, at present, no appropriate prevention and treatment methods have been found, and the specific molecular mechanism is also controversial, which is worthy of further study.
Artemisinin (Art), as a sesquiterpene lactone with peroxyl group extracted from Artemisia annua L., has been widely used in the treatment of malaria due to the characteristics of high efficiency and low toxicity, and has saved millions of lives in the past 40 years (Correa et al., 2019). In recent years, it has been reported to treat inflammation, immune regulation, anti-fibrosis, and other pathological processes (Pacios-Michelena et al., 2021; Surowiak et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021b). Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a derivative of artemisinin and harbors nearly 10 times bioavailability as much as that of artemisinin. It ameliorated the acute kidney injury caused by immune storm and inhibited COVID-19 proliferation by targeting cell replication cycle (Uckun et al., 2021). Artemisinin was also effective in preventing the complications of heart, kidney and liver caused by lipotoxicity (Jiang et al., 2020). It inhibited inflammatory reaction and thus protected islet β-cells, improved insulin resistance, induced islet α-cells to transform into β-cells, alleviated renal and cardiac fibrosis process, and reduced urinary protein excretion (Deng et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2012). Diabetic cardiomyopathy was often accompanied by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, whole heart hypertrophy, arrhythmia, systolic dysfunction, and heart failure (Xiong et al., 2021). Artemisinin reversed the fibrosis process of the interstitial and peripheral blood vessels of diabetic cardiomyopathy, improved the energy metabolism composition, reduced the oxidative and inflammatory reactions, and declined mitochondrial damage (Dolivo et al., 2021). However, the mechanism of artemisinin in cardiac lipotoxicity need to be further elucidated.
MicroRNA, also known as microRNA or miRNA, is a class of non-coding single stranded RNA with only 22 nucleotide sequences. A single miRNA can recognize hundreds of different mRNA, and there is also the phenomenon that multiple miRNAs jointly regulate one mRNA (Huntington et al., 2021; Mellis and Caporali, 2018). MiRNAs are involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological and biological processes in life, including the occurrence and outcome of tumors, the regulation of immune diseases, the regulation after virus interference, and the regulation of metabolism (Mellis and Caporali, 2018). MiRNA-133b has been reported to be involved in the regulation of multiple life processes, including myocardial cells against hypoxia and infarction, but the mechanism of its action is not clear (Pan et al., 2018). Whether DHA can regulate miRNA-133b and play a protective role in myocardial cells in lipotoxicity environment deserves further discussion.
Silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) is a nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase involved in manipulating gene expression, energy metabolism, DNA damage repair and mitochondrial functions (Abraham et al., 2019; Alcendor et al., 2007; Tang, 2016). Lots of transcription factors were identified as its targets, such as p53 (Vaziri et al., 2001), FoxO family members (Hariharan et al., 2010), and PGC-1a (Dominy et al., 2010). Previous studies demonstrated that Sirt1 executed fundamental roles in influencing cell activities, such as metabolic flexibility (Wei et al., 2019), oxidative damage (Liang et al., 2020), mitochondrial dysfunction (Zhang et al., 2018), cell proliferation and apoptosis (Wu et al., 2018), and inflammation (Mirshafa et al., 2020). Piles of evidences illustrated that Sirt1 ameliorated Sodium fluoride and ischemia/perfusion-induced cell injury by inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis (Peng et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2018). Nonetheless, further research is in need to elucidate whether Sirt1 takes part in the process of DHA in antagonizing palmitate-induced H9c2 cell injury.
Cell culture and drug treatment
H9c2 cells, derived from embryonic rat heart, were purchased from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China) and cultured in DMEM high glucose with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies, Ballenger Creek, MD, USA) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin in 10-cm diameter dish (Corning incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) at 37°C in a humid air with 5% CO2. Cells (3rd passage) were trypsinized at 80% confluency and subculture in the ratio of 1:3. Cell suspensions were used in the flowing experiments.
Cells were seeded in a 24-well plate and incubated with palmitate (PAL) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at final concentration of 0.5 mM at 50% confluence. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) (Cat No. D831931, CAS: 71939-50-9, Formula = C15H24O5, MW = 235.84, purity over 98%, density = 1.24 g/cm3) was the active metabolite of artemisinin compounds and was purchased from MACKLIN company (Shanghai, China). The powder was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted with PBS or DMEM to the final concentration of 10 μM. The miR-133b mimic and scramble fragments were provided by Ribobio Company (Guangzhou, China). Plasmids of pcDNA3.1-Sirt1 and the compartment backbone vector were kindly gifted by Dr. Yinchuan Li’s lab at Nantong University. Cells were ectopically transfected with plasmids or miRNAs with lipofectamine 3000 (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) based on the manufacturer’s directions.
MTT assay were used to investigate the cell viability. Briefly, the single cell suspensions were located in 96-well plates at about 5 × 103 cells/well, and 0.1 mg MTT (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to each well. Cells then were cultured at 37°C in the dark for extra 4 h. Then, 150 μL DMSO was added to each well after aspiration of supernatant medium. The mixture was incubated on a rotator for 15 min, absorbance at 490 nm of each well was detected by a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA; Varioskan Flash). The data were collected and calculated with the subsequent formula.
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
Cells were harvested and total RNA was isolated with TRIzol reagent (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) under the directions of manufacturer. RNA pellets were dissolved and quantified with a spectrophotometer (NanoDrop 2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and then reverse-transcribed with PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix (Takara, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, PR036A). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed with SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Tli RNaseH Plus) (Takara, DRR420A). Measurements were carried out in triplicates and data were normalized to endogenous GAPDH expression. Primers were designed by Pick Primers software (National Center for Biotechnology Information, MD, USA) and validated. The sequences of primers used are listed in Table 1.
The expression of each gene was defined as the fold change compared with the threshold cycle (Ct), and relative expression levels were calculated using the 2−∆∆Ct method by normalization to the housekeeping gene GAPDH or U6 snRNA. Results are presented as the means from three individual experiments.
Total protein was prepared from the cell lysates and then the concentration was determined by the BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Equal allocates of denatured protein were loaded into 10% SDS-PAGE (Epizyme, Shanghai, China) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk solution and incubated with anti-Sirt1 (ab110304), anti-caspase 3 (ab13847), anti-Bcl-2 (ab692), anti-Bax (ab32503) or anti-GAPDH (ab181602) at 4°C overnight. The washed membranes were incubated with HRP conjugated secondary antibodies. Bands of targeted proteins were visualized with ECL Super Signal (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Images were taken using a Tanon 5200 system (Shanghai, China) and analyzed by ImageJ software (NIH, NY, USA), using GAPDH as an internal control.
Dual luciferase activity assay
Cells (5 × 103 cells/mL) were seeded on 24-well plates and transfected with predesigned molecules (Scramble, miR-133b mimic, 3’-UTR wild-type and mutant; Ribobio, China) with lipofectamine 3000, or incubated with DHA at a final concentration of 10 μM. Cells were washed with PBS and then supplied with passive lysis buffer (PLB) lysate and then added Luciferase Assay Reagent (LAR, Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Dual luciferase activity assay was carried out to detect the fluorescence value in ahead of addition of stop buffer. The fluorescence data were checked again and then calculated the relative luciferase activity.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and the significant differences were analyzed by Student’s t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, with significance measured at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 or ***P < 0.001. Pictures were processed with ImageJ software for gray density analysis and drew with GraphPad Prism 8.0.
Cell viability and apoptotic gene expression after PAL treatment
H9c2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM PAL for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Results showed that PAL administration lowered the cell viability, as assessed by MTT assay, and significant difference was observed at 24 h (P < 0.01, Fig. 1A), 48 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 1A), and 72 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 1A). Transcriptional variation of Casp3 elevated continuously after PAL incubation at 12 h (P < 0.05, Fig. 1B), 24 h (P < 0.01, Fig. 1B), 48 h (P < 0.01, Fig. 1B), and 72 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 1B). While expression of Bcl-2 exhibited no difference after PAL treatment (P > 0.05, Fig. 1C). Changes of Bax escalated persistently after PAL stimulation at 12 h (P < 0.01, Fig. 1D), 24 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 1D), 48 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 1D), and 72 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 1D). Protein expression was investigated, and results showed that Caspase3 (12 h, P < 0.05; 24 h, P < 0.001; 48 h, P < 0.001; 72 h, P < 0.001. Figs. 1E and 1F) and Bax (12 h, P > 0.05; 24 h, P < 0.001; 48 h, P < 0.001; 72 h, P < 0.001. Figs. 1E and 1F) exhibited the same pattern as its gene expression, while Bcl-2 reached its peak at 12 h and then declined as time went by (12 h, P < 0.01; 24 h, P < 0.01; 48 h, P < 0.01; 72 h, P > 0.05. Figs. 1E and 1F). These results indicated that PAL incubation resulted in cell injury in H9c2 and promoted the apoptotic genes expression.
Figure 1: Palmitate incubation resulted in H9c2 cell injury. (A) Cell survival rate. (B–D) Transcriptional expression of Casp3, Bcl-2, and Bax detected by qRT-PCR. (E) Protein expression of Caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 examined by western blot. (F) Statistical analysis of the western blot results based on relative gray density. The final concentration of PAL was 0.5 mM. N = 7 for cell survival investigation, N = 8 for mRNA detection, and N = 3 for western blot analysis. “PAL” was short for “palmitate” in the figure. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
DHA attenuated PAL-induced H9c2 injury
The administration of DHA (10 μM) hindered the PAL-aroused cell injury in H9c2 as detected by the cell viability variations. DHA increased cell viability in PAL-stimulated cells at 48 h (P < 0.05, Fig. 2A) and 72 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 2A). Moreover, PAL enhanced expression level of Casp3 (PAL vs. Control, P < 0.001, Fig. 2B) and lowered by the administration of DHA (DHA vs. PAL, P < 0.01, Fig. 2B). Both drugs showed no effects on the transcription of Bcl-2 (P > 0.05, Fig. 2C). Variations of Bax was boosted by PAL (PAL vs. Control, P < 0.01, Fig. 2D) and lowered by DHA (DHA vs. PAL, P < 0.05, Fig. 2D), while the value was still higher than that in control group (DHA vs. Control, P < 0.05, Fig. 2D). Expression of proteins were discovered, and data exhibited that PAL enhanced the content of Caspase3 (PAL vs. Control, P < 0.001, Figs. 2E and 2F) while abolished by administration of DHA (DHA vs. PAL, P < 0.001, Figs. 2E and 2F). Similar pattern was observed in expression of Bax protein (PAL vs. Control and DHA vs. PAL, P < 0.001, Figs. 2E and 2F). Bcl-2 expression was enhanced by the addition of DHA (DHA vs. Control, P < 0.001; DHA vs. PAL, P < 0.01, Figs. 2E and 2F). Data above demonstrated that DHA reversed PAL-induced cell injury and protected cells from the attack of apoptotic gene cascade.
Figure 2: DHA alleviated palmitate induced cardiomyocytes injury. (A) Cell survival rate after treatment of DHA by MTT assay. (B–D) Casp3, Bax, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression. (E) Western blot analysis of Caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2. (F) Gray density analysis for results of panel E. The final concentration of PAL was 0.5 mM, and DHA was 10 μM. N = 7 for cell survival investigation, N = 8 for mRNA detection, and N = 3 for western blot analysis. “DHA” was short for “Dihydroartemisinin” in the figure and cells in this group would be pre-incubated with PAL. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
DHA decreased the expression of miR-133b in cardiomyocytes treated with PAL
Real time quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of miR-133b in cardiomyocytes treated with PAL. The results showed that the expression of miR-133b in cardiomyocytes increased significantly after treatment with PAL (PAL vs. Control, P < 0.001, Fig. 3A), while decreased by DHA incubation (PAL vs. DHA, P < 0.01, Fig. 3A). During the time course investigation, PAL incubation enhanced the expression of miR-133b significantly compared to control group (12 h, P < 0.01; 24 h, P < 0.001; 48 h, P < 0.001; 72 h, P < 0.01, Fig. 3B). To investigate the efficiency of abnormal expression of miR-133b, the mimic and antagomir fragments were introduced into H9c2 cells. As shown in Fig. 3C, mimic sequence drastically promoted the ectopic expression of miR-133b (miR-133b mimic vs. Scramble, P < 0.001) and the basic expression of miR-133b was abolished by the siRNA (siRNA miR-133b vs. Scramble, P < 0.01). Furthermore, PAL downregulated the expression of miR-133b (Blank vs. Control, P < 0.01, Fig. 3C), while DHA upregulated its expression (DHA vs. Blank, P < 0.05, Fig. 3C). In addition, mimic fragments transfection evidently inhibited the cell viability (miR-133b mimic vs. Scramble, P < 0.05, Fig. 3D), while miR-133b inhibitor enhanced the survival rate of cells (siRNA miR-133b vs. Scramble, P < 0.05, Fig. 3D). In summary, the above-mentioned data hinted that DHA protected H9c2 cells from PAL-induced injury by downregulation of miR-133b.
Figure 3: DHA decreased expression of miR-133b in cardiomyocytes. (A) Expression of miR-133b after DHA incubation. (B) Expression pattern of miR-133b at different time after 0.5 mM PAL incubation. (C) Ectopic expression of miR-133b and knockdown efficient of miR-133b antagomir checked by qRT-PCR. (D) Cell survival rate examination. The final concentration of PAL was 0.5 mM, and DHA was 10 μM. N = 7 for cell survival investigation and N = 8 for mRNA detection.
Software on miRNAs, such as TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/), and miRDB (http://mirdb.org/), were adopted into the scooping of targets of miR-133b. Sirt1 (Silent information regulator I) was picked out for further research and its transcriptional changes were investigated by qRT-PCR. Findings showed that palmitate suppressed the expression of Sirt1 (PAL vs. Control, P < 0.01, Fig. 4A), while enhanced by the administration of DHA (DHA vs. Control, P < 0.001, Fig. 4A). Protein expression determined by western blot illustrated similar pattern as PAL significantly lowered Sirt1 expression (PAL vs. Control, P < 0.01, Figs. 4B and 4C) and DHA escaladed its content (DHA vs. Control, P < 0.001, Figs. 4B and 4C). These data suggested that Sirt1 might also be involved in the functions of DHA in cell behavior.
Figure 4: DHA upregulated expression of silent information regulator I (Sirt1). The expression of Sirt1 was checked by qRT-PCR (A, N = 8) and Western blot (B, N = 3). (C) Gray density analysis for results of panel B. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. The final concentration of PAL was 0.5 mM, and DHA was 10 μM.
Sirt1 was a target of miR-133b
Extra experiments were designed to reveal the potential relationship between miR-133b and Sirt1. Based on the analysis of the miRNA databases, miR-133b was predicted to directly bind to the 3’-UTR of Sirt1 mRNA (Fig. 5A). To confirm the physical interaction of the prediction, luciferase assay was taken out. As shown in Fig. 5B, the relative luciferase activity was reduced in the wild-type Sirt1 3’-UTR plasmid and miR-133b mimic co-transfected group (P < 0.01, Fig. 5B). However, no significant difference was investigated in Sirt1 mutant groups (Fig. 5B). Moreover, the expression of Sirt1 was downregulated by miR-133b overexpression compared to scramble group (P < 0.001, Figs. 5C and 5D). Collectively, these results demonstrated that Sirt1 was a target of miR-133b.
Figure 5: SIRT1 was a target of miR-133b. (A) Schematic diagram of predicted interacting loci of miR-133b with Sirt1 3’-UTR. (B) Luciferase assay to testify the relationship between them. (C) Expression of Sirt1 under the regulation of miR-133b. (D) Gray density analysis for results of panel C. N = 3. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
DHA ameliorated PAL-induced cell injury via increasing of Sirt1
Ectopically overexpressed Sirt1 by transfection boosted its content in H9c2 cells (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1 vs. pcDNA3.1, P < 0.001, Fig. 6A), and miR-133b addition reduced the abnormal expression of Sirt1 (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1+miR-133b mimic vs. pcDNA3.1-Sirt1, P < 0.01, Fig. 6A). Moreover, plasmids transfection enhanced the protein expression of Sirt1 (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1 vs. pcDNA3.1, P < 0.001, Figs. 6B and 6C) and decreased by the addition of miR-133b mimic (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1+miR-133b mimic vs. pcDNA3.1-Sirt1, P < 0.01, Figs. 6B and 6C). In addition, adoption of abnormal Sirt1 overexpression improved the cell viability (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1 vs. pcDNA3.1, P < 0.05, Fig. 6D), while decreased by the addition of miR-133b (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1+miR-133b mimic vs. pcDNA3.1-Sirt1, P < 0.05, Fig. 6D). Taken together, data collected above indicated that DHA ameliorated palmitate-induced cell injury by upregulation of Sirt1.
Figure 6: miR-133b affected cardiomyocytes survive via regulating Sirt1 expression in confronting with PAL. The expression of Sirt1 was checked by qRT-PCR (A, N = 5) and Western blot (B, N = 3). (C) Grayscale analysis for results of panel B. (D) Cell survival rate detected by MTT assay, N = 7. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. The final concentration of PAL was 0.5 mM.
DHA protected PAL-induced cell injury might by influencing miR-133b/Sirt1 axis
Adoption of DHA reversed the palmitate-induced cell viability reduction (DHA vs. Blank, P < 0.01, Fig. 7A), extra expressed miR-133b partially abolished the effect (miR-133b mimic vs. Scramble, P < 0.05, Fig. 7A). Ectopically overexpressed Sirt1 synergically promoted the cell viability (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1 vs. pcDNA3.1, P < 0.05, Fig. 7A), while the administration of miR-133b declined the cell survival rate (pcDNA3.1-Sirt1+miR-133b mimic vs. pcDNA3.1-Sirt1, P < 0.05, Fig. 7A). Additionally, luciferase report assay was taken to reveal the regulatory relationship between DHA and miR-133b/Sirt1 axis. Results exhibited that miR-133b bound to wild type Sirt1 3’-UTR and declined the transcriptional ability (P < 0.001, Fig. 7B), and DHA administration partially enhanced the transcription by antagonizing the inhibition of miR-133b (P < 0.01, Fig. 7B). On the contrary, both miR-133b and DHA showed no influence on the transcription ability in dealing with the mutant Sirt1 3’-UTR. In summary, DHA might harbor certain inhibitory ability on miR-133b and thus upregulate the biological activity of Sirt1.
Figure 7: DHA protected PAL-induced cell injury by regulating miR-133b/Sirt1 axis. (A) Cell survival rate detection after Sirt1 and miR-133b overexpression under treatment of DHA by MTT assay. (B) Luciferase assay for the DHA regulation on Sirt1 transcription by targeting miR-133b. N = 7 for cell survival investigation and N = 3 for Luciferase detection. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. The final concentration of PAL was 0.5 mM, and DHA was 10 μM.
The current study was set up to determine the roles of DHA on palmitate-treated cell viability and injury. It was exciting to pay attention that DHA ameliorated palmitate-induced cell injury as supported by enhancing cell survival while lowering apoptosis. Extra experiments evidenced that inhibition of cell injury by DHA was relied on decreasing expression of miR-133b. Furthermore, Sirt1 was mined as a target of miR-133b in this cell model and could be directly bound by miR-133b and thus declined the transcription ability. Finally, DHA protected H9c2 cells from palmitate-induced cell injury might by regulating miR-133b/Sirt1 axis.
One of the aims of this study was to set up an effective in vitro cardiomyocyte cell injury model. Obviously, after palmitate treatment, cell viability was downregulated and apoptotic genes expression was upregulated, which indicated that palmitate induced cell injury in H9c2. Our study demonstrated that 0.5 μM palmitate incubation suppressed cell viability significantly at 24 h and continuously to 72 h, which hinted that the accumulation of fatty acid led to sustained lipotoxicity and thus resulted in cell apoptosis (Ren et al., 2021). The pro-apoptotic genes expression, including Caspase3 and Bax, was enhanced under the stimulation of palmitate that was consistent with the results of cell viability (Xu et al., 2021). The transcriptional expression of Bcl-2 showed no variations after palmitate stimulation, while its protein expression was enhanced by palmitate administration, that contradiction may lie in the different rate of transcription, translation, and degradation of Bcl-2 (Cai et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021a). These findings certainly noted that palmitate could induce cell injury in H9c2.
Another aim of the study was to dig out the function of DHA on palmitate-induced H9c2 cell injury. Owning to its high efficiency and low toxicity, the biological activity of DHA was 10 times as much as that of artemisinin. Its anti-malaria effect was 4–8 times of that of artemisinin. Results in this study demonstrated that DHA alleviated palmitate-induced cell injury with evidence in raising cell viability and lowering apoptotic genes expression. Previous study illustrated that DHA functioned in preventing palmitate-induced apoptosis in β-cells (Wang et al., 2021b). Artesunate, a kind of bioactive substance of Artemisinin, alleviated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial necrosis in rats and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells via regulating the FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway (Fan et al., 2020). This result evidenced that DHA, a derivative of artemisinin, harbored anti-injury functions in H9c2 cells.
Artemisinin is a kind of active ingredient purified from Artemisia annua, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The functions of artemisinin mainly focus on the regulation of allergy, anti-allergy, immune regulation and fever suppression and detoxification (Çapcı et al., 2021). Recent studies have shown that artemisinin has a certain effect on systemic lupus erythematosus (Chen et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2021). Artemisinin exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and lowered the systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines that resulted in cytokine storm and inflammatory organ injury in high-risk COVID-19 patients (Uckun et al., 2021). However, the role of DHA in regulating cell injury and the certain mechanism was less reported. Plenty of miRNAs were introduced to be involved in the cardiomyocytes’ injury and apoptosis. MiR-133b was a tumor suppressor (Cheng et al., 2021; Hu et al., 2021). In addition, it was revealed that miR-133b played important roles in various diseases. MiR-133b may play a crucial role in suppression genes associated with humans and mice cleft lip (Yoshioka et al., 2021), and act as biomarker in cardiovascular disease (Chang et al., 2021), muscle atrophy (Malacarne et al., 2021), muscle damage (Chalchat et al., 2021). Moreover, lots of reports demonstrated that miR-133b harbored the ability in cardiomyocyte protection in dealing with hypoxia injury (Pan et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019) and morphine preconditioning (He et al., 2016). In this study, DHA decreased miR-133b expression and extra experiments were executed to validate the relationship that DHA might exert the protection role via downregulation of miR-133b. MiR-133b overexpression declined cell viability and DHA administration abolished the effects of the molecule. Thus, our findings enriched the roles of miR-133b in cardiomyocyte protection in confronting with palmitate.
In addition, the relationship between miR-133b and Sirt1 has been revealed in former literature on bladder cancer (Chen et al., 2020), diabetic nephropathy (Sun et al., 2018), osteosarcoma (Shi et al., 2017) and glioma (Li et al., 2016) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Tian et al., 2016). In this study, experiments illustrated that DHA increased expression of Sirt1 which hinted that Sirt1 might play certain role in cardiomyocyte protection in palmitate challenge. Similarly, the regulatory relationship between miR-133b and Sirt1 was confirmed and consistent with the previous studies listed above. Extra experiments illustrated that knockdown expression of Sirt1 blunted the effects of DHA in antagonizing palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Our findings suggested that DHA functions through miR-133b/Sirt1 axis.
In summary, Sirt1 was downregulated in H9c2 in palmitate treatment, and this effect could be reversed by DHA incubation. Similarly, miR-133b was increased in palmitate-induced H9c2 cells, which directly suppressed the expression of Sirt1. DHA exerted cardiomyocyte protection in dealing with lipotoxicity by regulating the miR-133b/Sirt1 axis in palmitate-treated H9c2 cells. Our findings enriched extra evidence of the mechanisms of DHA and its function in the protection of cardiomyocyte injury. Therefore, further studies were in demanding to clarify the mechanism and to promote the rationale for its clinical use.
Acknowledgement: We appreciate Dr. Yinchuan Li for kindly gifting us the plasmids in this study and other participants who support us in the research.
Availability of Data and Materials: The datasets enrolled and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors’ Contribution: The current work was performed by all authors in collaboration. QW and XZ designed the project; LQ, BL, BC, XX and SW devoted to the experiments; LQ, CL and XX participated in analyzing the data; LQ, XX and QW wrote the manuscript.
Funding Statement: This work was supported by Nantong Science and Technology Project (MS12018020, MS12018041); Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies (JS-2017-200), the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Nantong University (135420505015) and the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (11KJB180010).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.
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