DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.08672
www.techscience.com/journal/biocell
| Biocell DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.08672 | www.techscience.com/journal/biocell |
| Article |
Circular RNA circFOXM1 triggers the tumorigenesis of non-small cell lung cancer through miR-132-3p/TMEM14A axis
1Department of Respiratory, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, 621000, China
2Department of Electrocardiogram Room, Wuxi Puren Medical Group, Wuxi, 214000, China
*Address correspondence to: Weigao Zhong, zhongweigao02@126.com
Received: 23 September 2019; Accepted: 13 May 2020
Abstract: Earlier studies indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) were found in various cancer cells, and circFOXM1 was reported to act as an oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the function of circFOXM1 in NSCLC remains unclear. The expression levels of genes were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide solution (MTT) and flow cytometry assay. The relative protein expression was assessed by western blot. Moreover, transwell assays were employed to examine cell migration and invasion. The targeted relationship was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expression of circFOXM1 was up-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. The depletion of circFOXM1 decreased the proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced cell apoptosis of NSCLC cells. MicroRNA-132-3p (MiR-132-3p) was identified as a target of circFOXM1. The expression level of miR-132-3p was decreased in NSCLC tissues and cell lines and inversely correlated with circFOXM1 expression. Furthermore, the effects of circFOXM1 down-regulation on NSCLC cell progression were abolished by miR-132-3p inhibitor. Transmembrane protein 14A (TMEM14A) was verified as a target gene of miR-132-3p. The effects of circFOXM1 depletion on NSCLC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were reversed by TMEM14A overexpression. Our study demonstrated that knockdown of circFOXM1 suppressed NSCLC progression through regulating miR-132-3p/TMEM14A axis, suggesting the circFOXM1/miR-132-3p/TMEM14A axis may serve as the novel target for NSCLC diagnosis and therapy.
Keywords: circFOXM1; miR-132-3p; TMEM14A; Non-small cell lung cancer; Proliferation
Lung cancer with high incidence and mortality is a growing threat to humans in the world. It has been reported that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounted for about 85% of lung cancer, while lung cancer caused 20% of cancer-related deaths (Jemal et al., 2011; Didkowska et al., 2016). In recent years, the diagnosis and treatment strategies have been improved, but the overall 5-year survival rate remains around 20% (Li et al., 2019a). At present, a surgical operation is the main treatment for lung cancer, and postoperative recurrence and metastasis are important factors affecting the survival rate of lung cancer patients (Wang et al., 2019c). Therefore, it is urgent to find the novel molecular mechanism to develop new therapies for NSCLC.
Circular RNA (circRNA), a newly discovered abundant RNA species, is a noncoding covalent closed RNA formed by exon and intron sequences (Liu et al., 2019a). CircRNA is characterized by its evolutionary conservation and tissue-specific expression, which is more stable than linear miRNA (Jeck et al., 2013; Memczak et al., 2013). Many studies reported that circRNA negatively regulated miRNA expression, cell function, and tumor progression through different mechanisms (Chen et al., 2015; Li and Huang, 2017; Kristensen et al., 2018). CircFOXM1 is a newly discovered cancer-related cycle RNA with a length of 3410 nucleotides. CircFOXM1 was highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells and was associated with poor prognosis, circFOXM1 was confirmed to affect the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells (Liu et al., 2019b). However, the regulatory mechanism of circFOXM1 in NSCLC progression has been rarely reported.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a group of single-stranded non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation by binding to the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of target RNA and regulate gene expression by regulating the post-transcriptional level of the target RNA (Macfarlane and Murphy (2010); Chen et al., 2019). A previous study demonstrated that circRNAs acted as sponges of miRNAs in various cancers (Taborda et al., 2017). For example, circ-000926 with low expression inhibited the progression of renal cell carcinoma through nhibiting CDH2 expression by sponging miR-411 (Zhang et al., 2019). In bladder cancer, circ-0023642 regulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression by regulating miR-490-5p expression (Wu et al., 2019). Moreover, previous research reported that abnormally expressed miR-132-3p was associated with tumorigenesis (Wang et al., 2019a). Other researches indicated that miR-132-3p was lowly expressed in lung cancer tissues and cells, and miR-132-3p could suppress the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells (Li et al., 2015b; You et al., 2014). Hence, the specific mechanism between circFOXM1 and miR-132-3p in NSCLC progression still needed further exploration.
In the study, H1299 and A549 cells were selected as the experiment material. We researched the potential biological functions of circFOXM1 in NSCLC progression in vitro.
Thirty NSCLC tissues and their paired normal tissues were collected from NSCLC patients at Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital between January 2017 and May 2018. All patients signed the written informed consent, and our research was supported by the Medical Ethics Committee of Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital.
Lung normal cells 16HBE and NSCLC cell lines (SK-MES-1, H1299, A549) were acquired from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). 16HBE, H1299, and A549 cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA). SK-MES-1 cells were maintained with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Media (DMEM, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA) supplementing with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Solarbio, Beijing, China) at 37° with 5% CO2.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to extract the total RNA. The complementary DNA (cDNA) for circFOXM1 or Transmembrane protein 14A (TMEM14A) was synthesized by PrimeScript II Kit (Takara, Kusatsu, Japan). The miRNA was transcribed into cDNA using One Step Prime Script miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara, Kusatsu, Japan). qRT-PCR was performed using the SYBR Green Master Mix (Roche, Shanghai, China), and the data were calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and U6 acted as internal controls. The primer sequences of GAPDH (Li et al., 2019b), U6 (Li et al., 2019b), circFOXM1, miR-132-3p (Wang et al., 2019a) and TMEM14A (Zhang et al., 2016) were shown in attachment Tab. 1.
Table 1: The sequences of specific primers
The small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting circFOXM1 (si-circFOXM1), circFOXM1 overexpression plasmid (pcDNA-circFOXM1) and their corresponding negative control (si-NC or pcDNA-NC), miR-132-3p mimics/miR-NC, anti-miR-132-3p/anti-miR-NC and pcDNA-TMEM14A/pcDNA-NC purchased from Genepharma (Shanghai, China) were transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After 72 h, the transfection efficiency was detected using qRT-PCR.
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diPhenyltetrazolium bromide solution (MTT) assay
MTT kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China) was applied to measure cell viability as previously recommended (Zhou et al., 2016). After transfection, the cells were collected at a density of 3 × 105 cells/mL and seeded into 96-well plates. After 24 h, cells were incubated with 20 μL MTT solution at 37°C for 4 h. Then, the proliferation rates at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h were examined by a microplate reader (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
The apoptotic rate of H1299 and A549 cells was detected using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Briefly, NSCCL cells (2 × 106 cells/well) were planted in the 6-well plates and incubated in medium for 48 h. Next, the transfected cells were rinsed with pre-cooling PBS and re-suspended in 100 μL binding buffer. Then, the mixture was incubated with 5 μL Annexin V-FITC and PI in the dark at 37°C for 15 min. Subsequently, the flow cytometry system (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) was employed to analyze cell apoptosis.
After transfection for 48 h, total protein was extracted from H1299 and A549 cells using RIPA buffer (Beyotime, Beijing, China), and bicinchoninic acid (BCA, Beyotime, Beijing, China) was used to assess the protein concentrations. Total protein was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. Then, the membrane was maintained with 5% nonfat milk for 30 min and incubated with antibodies against TMEM14A (1:1000, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA), Bcl-2 (1:1000, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA), Bax (1:1000, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA), Cleaved-caspase-3 (1:1000, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and GAPDH (1:1000, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA) at 4°C overnight. GAPDH antibody was considered as the control. The membrane was then incubated with secondary antibodies (1:1000, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA) at room temperature for 1 h and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) assay (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was conducted to verify the protein bands.
For transwell migration assay, approximately 3 × 104 cells were seeded into the upper chamber without matrigel (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), and the medium containing 10% FBS was added into the lower chamber. After 24 h, the migratory cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet solution. Then, five fields were randomly selected to count the number of migrated cells by an inverted microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). After the upper chamber coated with matrigel, the invasion ability was detected with similar procedures.
Dual-luciferase reporter assay
StarBase (http://www.starBase.v3.0) and TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org) were used to search for the assumed target of circFOXM1 and miR-132-3p. The wild-type (WT) or mutant (MUT) FOXM1 with or without potential miR-132-3p binding sites were constructed into the pmirGLO vectors (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). TMEM14A-WT and TMEM14A-MUT were obtained from Geneharma. Subsequently, the luciferase vectors were co-transfected into H1299 and A549 cells by Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After 48 h transfection, the luciferase activities were examined by a dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA).
All the data were calculated with SPSS 22.0, Student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups’ differences. The correlation among circFOXM1, miR-132-3p, and TMEM14A, was analyzed using Spearman correlation. p < 0.05 was regarded as significantly different.
CircFOXM1 is up-regulated in NSCLC cells and tissue samples
The expression of circFOXM1 in 30 pairs of NSCLC tissues and adjacent normal tissues was detected by qRT-PCR, and the result indicated that circFOXM1 was significantly enhanced in NSCLC tissues (p < 0.05, Fig. 1(A)). Consistently, the expression level of circFOXM1 was significantly upregulated in NSCLC cell lines (SK-MES-1, H1299, and A549) compared with 16HBE cells (p < 0.05, Fig. 1(B)). The results suggested that circFOXM1 might be related to NSCLC progression.
Figure 1: CircFOXM1 is up-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cells.
Down-regulation of circFOXM1 inhibits NSCLC cell growth
To further explore the role of circFOXM1 in NSCLC, the siRNAs were used to repress circFOXM1 expression. QRT-PCT showed that circFOXM1 expression was down-regulated after the transfection with si-circFOXM1 in H1299 and A549 cells (p < 0.05, Fig. 2(A)). Moreover, MTT assay demonstrated that circFOXM1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation rates of H1299 and A549 cells (p < 0.05, Figs. 2(B)–2(C)). Our data showed that the proportion of apoptotic cells was significantly increased by circFOXM1 knockdown (p < 0.05, Fig. 2(D)). Besides, western blot results indicated that the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3 was increased, while the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 was reduced in circFOXM1-silenced H1299 and A549 cells (p < 0.05, Figs. 2(E)–2(F)). The number of migrated and invaded H1299 and A549 cells was significantly decreased by circFOXM1 knockdown (p < 0.05, Figs. 2(G)–2(H)). Taken together, these results illustrated that circFOXM1 could regulate NSCLC cell growth, apoptosis, migration, and invasion.
Figure 2: CircFOXM1 knockdown inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted cell apoptosis of NSCLC cells.
CircFOXM1 acts as a molecular sponge for miR-132-3p in NSCLC
Starbase software was used to predict the potential binding sites between circFOXM1 and miR-132-3p (Fig. 3A). In addition, to examine whether miR-132-3p could bind to the predicted target sites of circFOXM1, the wild-type and mutant-type luciferase reporter vectors of circFOXM1 were constructed. As expected, co-transfection of miR-132-3p mimics and circFOXM1-WT luciferase vector, not circFOXM1-MUT, significantly repressed the luciferase activity of circFOXM1-WT (p < 0.05, Figs. 3(B)–3(C)). The expression of miR-132-3p in NSCLC specimens and normal tissues was examined by qRT-PCR, and the results showed that the expression level of miR-132-3p in NSCLC samples was lower than those in normal samples (p < 0.05, Fig. 3(D)). We further analyzed the relationship between circFOXM1 and miR-132-3p and found that circFOXM1 expression was negatively related to miR-132-3p expression in NSCLC tissue samples (R = −0.551, p < 0.0001, Fig. 3(E)). The expression of miR-132-3p was suppressed in NSCLC cells compared with the normal cells (p < 0.05, Fig. 3(F)). MiR-132-3p expression was up-regulated by si-circFOXM1 transfection, while circFOXM1 overexpression inhibited the expression of miR-132-3p (p < 0.05, Fig. 3(G)). These data indicated that circFOXM1 promoted NSCLC progression by sponging miR-132-3p.
Figure 3: CircFOXM1 directly targets miR-132-3p.
The effects of circFOXM1 knockdown on tumorigenesis are partially reversed by miR-132-3p inhibitor
Rescue experiments were performed to detect whether circFOXM1 exerting carcinogenic functions by modulating miR-132-3p, and the results of qRT-PCR showed that miR-132-3p was promoted by si-circFOXM1, but the effect could be weakened by co-transfection with si-circFOXM1 and miR-132-3p inhibitor (p < 0.05, Fig. 4(A)). Silencing of miR-132-3p could abolish the inhibition effect of si-circFOXM1 on cell growth in H1299 and A549 cells (p < 0.05, Figs. 4(B)–4(C)). Moreover, miR-132-3p inhibitor impaired the increase of cell apoptosis rates triggered by circFOXM1 down-regulation (p < 0.05, Fig. 4(D)). Furthermore, circFOXM1 knockdown increased the protein levels of Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3 expression but decreased the expression of Bcl-2 expression. Nevertheless, these effects could be overturned by miR-132-3p silencing (p < 0.05, Figs. 4(E)–4(F)). Transwell assay indicated that cell migration and invasion were markedly decreased in H1299 and A549 cells with circFOXM1 down-regulation, while these effects were weakened by the miR-132-3p inhibitor (p < 0.05, Figs. 4(G)–4(H)). In addition, we also investigated the effect of anti-miR-132-3p on NSCLC progression and found that downregulation of miR-132-3p promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in NSCLC cells (Supplemental Fig. S1). In brief, circFOXM1 contributed to NSCLC progression through regulating miR-132-3p.
Figure 4: MiR-132-3p reverses the effects of circFOXM1 knockdown on H1299 and A549 cells.
TMEM14A is a target of miR-132-3p and regulated by circ-FOXM1
Bioinformatic analysis (www.starBase.v3.0) showed that TMEM14A might be regulated by miR-132-3p (Fig. 5(A)). Moreover, dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-132-3p inhibited the luciferase activity of TMEM14A-WT but not TMEM14A-MUT (p < 0.05, Figs. 5(B)–5(C)). TMEM14A was notably elevated in NSCLC tissues compared with normal tissues (p < 0.05, Figs. 5(D)–5(E)). Compared with 16HBE cells, the expression of TMEM14A was significantly up-regulated in H1299 and A549 cells (p < 0.05, Figs. 5(F)–5(G)). We further found that TMEM14A expression was negatively related to miR-132-3p expression (R = −0.448, p < 0.0001, Fig. 5(H)) and had a positive correlation with circFOXM1 level in NSCLC tissue samples (R = 0.633, p < 0.0001, Fig. 5(I)). TMEM14A expression level was down-regulated in H1299 and A549 cells transfected with miR-132-3p. Besides, overexpression of circFOXM1 reversed the decrease of TMEM14A expression induced by miR-132-3p (p < 0.05, Figs. 5(J)–5(L)). These findings elucidated that circFOXM1 could act as a sponge of miR-132-3p to enhance TMEM14A expression in NSCLC.
Figure 5: TMEM14A is a target gene of miR-132-3p.
CircFOXM1 promotes NSCLC progression via up-regulating TMEM14A
qRT-PCR and western blot results indicated that the silencing of circ-FOXM1 reduced the level of TMEM14A, while TMEM14A overexpression partially restored the decrease (p < 0.05, Figs. 6(A)–6(C)). Next, MTT assay illustrated that abundant TMEM14A could partly reverse the tumor-suppressive functions in H1299 and A549 cells caused by si-circFOXM1 (p < 0.05, Figs. 6(D)–6(E)). Flow cytometry analysis implied that the apoptosis rates of H1299 and A549 cells transfected with si-circFOXM1 were dramatically increased compared with the si-NC group, while the increase was abrogated by pcDNA-TMEM14A (p < 0.05, Fig. 6(F)). To further explore whether the decrease of apoptosis was caused by activation of the intracellular apoptotic pathway, western blot analysis was used to quantify the protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Cleaved caspase-3. Our results indicated that the protein levels of Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 were significantly increased, and the protein level of Bax was apparently decreased in the si-circFOXM1 group, while overexpression of TMEM14A inverted these effects (p < 0.05, Figs. 6(G)–6(H)). Similarly, circFOXM1 knockdown could significantly impede the migration and invasion abilities of H1299 and A549 cells, but the effects could be abolished by TMEM14A overexpression (p < 0.05, Figs. 6(I)–6(J)). Overall, these results demonstrated that circFOXM1 mediated the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells via regulating TMEM14A.
Figure 6: TMEM14A overexpression overturns the effects of circFOXM1 knockdown on NSCLC progression.
We found that circFOXM1 was elevated in NSCLC tissues. Knockdown of circFOXM1 greatly suppressed the abilities of proliferation, migration, and invasion, and obviously promoted the apoptosis of the H1299 and A549 cells, exhibiting the anti-tumor effect. Moreover, low expression of miR-132-3p was found in NSCLC tissues and negatively regulated by circFOXM1. Besides, the interaction between circFOXM1 and miR-132-3p was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay, suggesting that there was a target relationship between circFOXM1 and miR-132-3p. It could be inferred that circFOXM1 played a carcinogenic role in H1299 and A549 cells by targeting miR-132-3p.
Recent pieces of research found that cyclic RNA was a subset of the ncRNA family and played a significant role in the progression of multiple cancers (Li et al., 2015a). For example, Rong et al. (2019) showed that has-circ-0007534 downregulation inhibited cell growth of cervical cancer via regulating the miR-498/BMI-1 axis. CircMYLK was augmented in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells and promoted cell proliferation and invasion by inactivating the constraint of miR-362-3p to regulate Rab23 expression (Li et al., 2019b). Hsa_circRNA_102958 promoted tumor metastasis in vivo by inducing the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells through the activation of the miR-585/CDC25B axis (Li et al., 2019c). Liu et al. (2019b) revealed that circFOXM1 was overexpressed and contributed to carcinogenic progression as a competitive endogenous RNA to target PPDPF and MACC1 through sponging miR-1304-5p in NSCLC. Similar results were also presented in our research, exceptionally expression of circFOXM1 was associated with the progression of NSCLC. The knockdown of circFOXM1 resulted in a drastic decrease in NSCLC cell viability by regulating a few cellular programs. The alteration of apoptosis, migration, and invasion was related to the occurrence and development of tumors, while the deregulation of the apoptotic cell death mechanism was a symbol of cancer (Pistritto et al., 2016). Therefore, Bax, Bcl-2, and Cleaved caspase-3 were the primarily secreted proteins that were necessary for the supervision of apoptosis (Charununtakorn et al., 2016).
It was well known that abnormally expressed miRNA has a close correlation with the occurrence of tumors (Kurozumi et al., 2017). For example, miR-145 expression was markedly inhibited in gastric cancer cells, which could restrain the proliferation ability of gastric cancer cells and enhance apoptosis (Wang et al., 2019b). Ma et al. (2019) pointed out that miR-100, which was situated in human chromosome 11q24.1 location, was reduced in NSCLC, and miR-100 overexpression was closely related to the good prognosis of NSCLC patients. Moreover, miR-132-3p can negatively regulate the expression of tumor-related target genes. Interestingly, similar results were found in our research, as a downstream target of circFOXM1, miR-132-3p had the opposite effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of H1299 and A549 cells.
TMEM14A is a mitochondrial-related membrane protein that contains three transmembrane domains (Zhang et al., 2016). TMEM14A was found to be a novel Bax and caspase-3 inhibitor, which might be an inhibitor of cell death. Previous researches showed that TMEM14A prevented N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide induced apoptosis by stabilizing mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (Woo et al., 2011). Moreover, a recent study confirmed that TMEM14A played a fateful role in the emergence and metastasis of tumors. TMEM14A was overexpressed in NSCLC and triggered the invasion and migration of NSCLC cells (An et al., 2019). Zhang et al. (2016) demonstrated that inactivation of TMEM14A impaired cell progression in ovarian cancer. Moreover, TMEM14A held a momentous position in ovarian cancer (Zhang et al., 2016). All the conclusions verified the tumorigenicity of TMEM14A in a variety of tumors. We found that suppression of circFOXM1 prevented TMEM14A expression level by sponging miR-132-3p in NSCLC cells. Thus, we could speculate that circFOXM1 played a carcinogenic role by up-regulating TMEM14A expression and competing for miR-132-3p expression, leading to the enrichment of TMEM14A and accelerated the development of NSCLC.
Undoubtedly, circFOXM1, miR-132-3p, and TMEM14A are pivotal for cancer regulation. Referring to the investigation, we could suppose that circFOXM1 had a carcinogenic effect through sponging miR-132-3p and elevating TMEM14A in NSCLC progression. However, the lack of abundant clinic samples and survival analysis were the main limitations of the research. Furthermore, the functions of circFOXM1 should be verified in vivo experiments.
In brief, we found that circFOXM1 might exhibit a favorable role in cell survival by regulating TMEM14A through sponging miR-132-3p in NSCLC cells.
Availability of Data and Materials: The data used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Author Contribution: Study conception and design: Weigao Zhong; data collection: Aiqin Chen and Xiaohong Tang; analysis and interpretation of results: Aiqin Chen and Yi Liu; draft manuscript preparation: Weigao Zhong. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics Approval: Written informed consents were obtained from all participants and this study was permitted by the Ethics Committee of Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital (IRB No. 2016MY662, Approval Date: 2016.06.18).
Funding Statement: The author(s) received no specific funding for this study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.
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Appendix
Supplemental Figure S1: MiR-132-3p depletion boosts the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells.
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