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Epigenetic regulation−The guardian of cellular homeostasis and lineage commitment

by Kavitha Govarthanan^1,*, Piyush Kumar Gupta², Binita ZIPPORAHE¹, Rekha Gahtori³, Soumya Pandit², Ram Prasad^4,*

1 Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
2 Department of Life Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
3 Department of Biotechnology, Campus–Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India 4 Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India

* Address correspondence to: Kavitha Govarthanan, ; Ram Prasad,

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Stem Cells, Protein Therapeutics, and Regenerative Medicine)

BIOCELL 2021, 45(3), 501-515. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2021.014441

Received 27 September 2020; Accepted 06 January 2021; Issue published 03 March 2021

Abstract

Stem cells constitute the source of cells that replenishes the worn out or damaged cells in our tissue and enable the tissue to carry out the destined function. Tissue-specific stem cells are compartmentalized in a niche, which keeps the stem cells under quiescent condition. Thus, understanding the molecular events driving the successful differentiation of stem cells into several lineages is essential for its better manipulation of human applications. Given the developmental aspects of the cell, the cellular function is greatly dependent on the epigenomics signature that in turn governs the expression profile of the cell. The stable inheritance of the epigenome is crucial for the development, modulation, and maintenance of the cell and its complex tissue-specific function. Emerging evidence suggesting that stem cell chromatin comprises a specialized state in which self-renewing genes and its downstream lineage-specific genes are kept paralleled poised for activation. Thus, the epigenetic regulatory network and pathway dictate lineage commitment and differentiation. It mainly modifies the chromatin landscape to facilitate euchromatin and heterochromatin architecture, which in turn alters the accessibility of transcription factors to the gene loci. DNA methylation and histone marks are the two widely studied epigenetic modifications regulating the transcriptome profile of a specific lineage. Abnormalities in the epigenetic landscape lead to diseases or disorders. Here, we emphasize the prominence of the epigenetic network and its regulation in normal tissue functioning and in the diseased state. Furthermore, we highlighted the emerging role of epigenetic modifiers in lineage differentiation and epigenetic markers as novel druggable targets for cancer therapy.

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