Open Access

REVIEW

Overview of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Tannin-Glyoxal Adhesive for Wood-Based Composites

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1165-1186, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.051854
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Environmentally Friendly Wood-Based Composites Based on Sustainable Technologies and Renewable Materials)
Abstract More than a century after its initial synthesis, urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins still have dominant applications as adhesives, paints, and coatings. However, formaldehyde in this industry produces formaldehyde emissions that are dangerous to health. Scientists have spent the last decade replacing formaldehyde and phenol with environmentally friendly substances such as glyoxal and tannin to create bio-based adhesives. This review covers recent advances in synthesizing glyoxal tannin-based resins, especially those made from sustainable raw material substitutes and changes made to synthetic processes to improve mechanical properties. The efficacy of using tannin-glyoxal adhesives in producing wood-based composites has… More >

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Adhesion of Technical Lignin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesives for Wood Bonding

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1187-1205, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.049948
Abstract Lignin is the most abundant aromatic natural polymer, and receiving great attention in replacing various petroleum-based polymers. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of technical lignin as a polyol for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) adhesives to substitute current polyurethane (PU) adhesives that have been synthesized with toxic isocyanate and polyols. Crude hardwood kraft lignin (C-HKL) was extracted from black liquor from a pulp mill followed by acetone fractionation to obtain acetone soluble-HKL (AS-HKL). Then, C-HKL, AS-HKL, and softwood sodium lignosulfonate (LS) were used for the synthesis of technical lignin-based… More >

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Conversion of Lignin into Porous Carbons for High-Performance Supercapacitors via Spray Drying and KOH Activation: Structure-Properties Relationship and Reaction Mechanism

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1207-1218, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052579
Abstract Lignin-derived porous carbons have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, the challenge remains in designing and controlling their structure to achieve ideal electrochemical performance due to the complex molecular structure of lignin and its intricate chemical reactions during the activation process. In this study, three porous carbons were synthesized from lignin by spray drying and chemical activation with varying KOH ratios. The specific surface area and structural order of the prepared porous carbon continued to increase with the increase of the KOH ratio. Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) was employed to track the molecular fragments More >

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ARTICLE

Advanced Nanocomposite Arabic Gum Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogels for Flexible Supercapacitors

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1219-1236, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.050685
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Regenerative Hydrogels from Natural and Synthetic Materials)
Abstract In this work, the fabrication and characterization of the nanocomposite hydrogel, as a solid electrode in electrochemical cell and gel electrolyte material using Indium titanium oxide/polyethylene terephthalate (ITO/PET) flexible substrate for double-layer supercapacitors have been reported. The nanocomposite hydrogel composed of Arabic gum (AG), Acrylic acid (AA), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was fabricated via a physical cross-linked polymerization reaction, in which the ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent to generate AgNPs and to convert Graphene oxide (GO) to RGO during the polymerization reaction. The morphology and structural characteristics of… More >

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REVIEW

A Review on the Advancement of Renewable Natural Fiber Hybrid Composites: Prospects, Challenges, and Industrial Applications

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1237-1290, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.051201
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: Processing, Manufacturing, Characterizations and Environmentally Friendly Applications)
Abstract Natural fibre (NFR) reinforced functional polymer composites are quickly becoming an indispensable sustainable material in the transportation industry because of their lightweight, lower cost in manufacture, and adaptability to a wide variety of goods. However, the major difficulties of using these fibres are their existing poor dimensional stability and the extreme hydrophilicity. In assessing the mechanical properties (MP) of composites, the interfacial bonding (IB) happening between the NFR and the polymer matrix (PM) plays an incredibly significant role. When compared to NFR/synthetic fibre hybrid composites, hybrid composites (HC) made up of two separate NFR are… More >

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Structural Elucidation of the Polymeric Condensed Tannins of Acacia nilotica Subspecies by ¹³C NMR, MALDI-TOF and TMA as Sources of Bioadhesives

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1291-1310, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.051619
Abstract Tannin was extracted from different subspecies of Acacia nilotica, Acacia nilotica nilotica (Ann), Acacia nilotica tomentosa (Ant) and Acacia nilotica adansonii (Ana). The aim was to elucidate their structure and evaluate their reactivity as bioadhesives in the wood industry. The extracts were prepared by hot water extraction (90°C temperature). Their gel time with paraformaldehyde was used at first to compare their reactivity. The tannin contents and the percentage of total polyphenolic materials in different solutions of the extracts spray dried powder were determined by the hide powder method. Concentrated solutions (47%) were tested by both MALDI ToF, CNMR.… More >

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Thermo-Mechanical, Physico-Chemical, Morphological, and Fire Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Particleboard Manufactured with Phosphorylated Lignin Addition

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1311-1341, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052172
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites: Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications – 2024)
Abstract Lignin, lignosulfonate, and synthesized phosphorylated lignosulfonate were introduced as green fillers in citric acid-sucrose adhesives for bonding particleboard fabricated from areca leaf sheath (ALS). The characteristics of particleboards were compared to that of ultralow emitting formaldehyde (ULEF-UF). The fillers derived from Eucalyptus spp. kraft-lignin were added for flame retardancy enhancement. 10% of each lignin and modified lignin was added into the ULEF-UF and citric acid-sucrose bonded particleboards. Analyses applied to particleboards included thermal characteristics, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), morphological properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as physical, mechanical, and fire resistance characteristics of the… More >

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Starch Orodispersible Film Loaded with Melatonin for Human Supplementation

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1343-1354, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052288
Abstract An innovative pharmaceutical form for administering melatonin, based on starch orodispersible film (ODF), was designed and prepared. The composition of the ODF included starch as the polymer matrix, the active drug melatonin, and a plasticizer. Melatonin, a natural hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain, can be absorbed by passive diffusion across the mucous membrane, resulting in improved bioavailability when compared to conventional oral administration. This study shows a simple and efficient method for preparing melatonin-loaded orodispersible films with a physically stable and commercially viable matrix, suitable for use in the pharmaceutical industry.… More >

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Evaluating Simultaneous Impact of Slag and Tire Rubber Powder on Mechanical Characteristics and Durability of Concrete

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.8, pp. 2155-2177, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019726
Abstract In this experimental study, the impact of Portland cement replacement by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and micronized rubber powder (MRP) on the compressive, flexural, tensile strengths, and rapid chloride migration test (RCMT) of concrete were assessed. In this study, samples with different binder content and water to binder ratios, including the MRP with the substitution levels of 0%, 2.5% and 5%, and the GGBFS with the substitution ratios of 0%, 20% and 40% by weight of Portland cement were made. According to the results, in the samples containing slag and rubber powder in… More >

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REVIEW

A Review of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforced Concrete Composite Column Members Modelling and Analysis Techniques

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3243-3262, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022171
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bio-Composite Materials and Structures-2021)
Abstract The use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) to confine concrete columns improves the strength and ductility of the columns by reducing passive lateral confinement pressure. Many numerical and analytical formulations have been proposed in the literature to describe the compressive behaviour of FRP confined concrete under both monotonic and cyclic loads. However, the effect of a stress/strain level in the columns has not been well defined because of the lack of well-defined strategies of modelling and oversimplification of the model. This paper reviews the existing FRP combinations and the available numerical and analytical methods to determine More >

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REVIEW

Recent Technologies for the Extraction and Separation of Polyphenols in Different Plants: A Review

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.6, pp. 1471-1490, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018811
Abstract Polyphenol is an important secondary metabolite with unique physiological functions and biological activity. The polyphenols in different plants and biomass have different chemical structures, which needs various extraction methods to obtain them. Recently, plant polyphenols and their application research in food and medicine have become a research hotspot, which is mainly focused on preparation, purification, structural identification, and biological activity assays. Among these researches, extraction and separation are the key sections to investigate the structure and activity of polyphenol. Hence, this review summarized the recent extraction and separation techniques of polyphenol, including solvent extraction, supercritical More >

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REVIEW

A Review of Recent Advances in Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.3, pp. 561-589, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.017434
Abstract Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRCs) have demonstrated great potential for many different applications in various industries due to their advantages compared to synthetic fiber-reinforced composites, such as low environmental impact and low cost. However, one of the drawbacks is that the NFRCs present relatively low mechanical properties and the absorption of humidity due to the hydrophilic characteristic of the natural fibre. One method to increase their performance is hybridization. Therefore, understanding the properties and potential of using multiple reinforcement’s materials to develop hybrid composites is of great interest. This paper provides an overview of… More >

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REVIEW

Properties and Applications of Bamboo Fiber–A Current-State-of-the Art

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.3, pp. 605-624, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018685
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bio-Composite Materials and Structures-2021)
Abstract Fibers are used in many forms in engineering applications–one of the most common being used as reinforcement. Due to its renewable short natural growth cycle and abundance of bamboo resources, bamboo fiber has attracted attention over other natural fibers. Bamboo fiber has a complex natural structure but offers excellent mechanical properties, which are utilized in the textile, papermaking, construction, and composites industry. However, bamboo fibers can easily absorb moisture and are prone to corrosion limiting their use in engineering applications. Therefore, a better understanding of bamboo fiber is particularly important. This paper reviews all existing More >

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A Modeling Method for Predicting the Strength of Cemented Paste Backfill Based on a Combination of Aggregate Gradation Optimization and LSTM

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3539-3558, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.021845
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Circular Economy in the Development of Eco-Friendly Materials for Construction)
Abstract Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is a sustainable mining technology that is widely used in mines and helps to improve the mine environment. To investigate the relationship between aggregate grading and different affecting factors and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the cemented paste backfill (CPB), Talbol gradation theory and neural networks is used to evaluate aggregate gradation to determine the optimum aggregate ratio. The mixed aggregate ratio with the least amount of cement (waste stone content river sand content = 7:3) is obtained by using Talbol grading theory and pile compactness function and combined with… More >

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Synthesis, Characterization and Remedial Action of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles against Bacterial Pathogens

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3093-3105, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019335
Abstract Custard apple is a dry land fruit. Its leaves exhibit different pharmacological activities. In the present study, both silver (Ag) nanoparticles and chitosan-coated Ag (Chi-Ag) nanoparticles were fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of the custard apple plant. During preliminary phytochemical analysis, various types of phytocompounds were found in the aqueous leaf extract of the same plant. Next, both nanoparticles were physiochemically characterized. FTIR analysis exhibited the fingerprint vibrational peaks of active bioactive compounds in plant extract, Ag nanoparticles, and Chi-Ag nanoparticles. UV/Visible spectral analysis revealed the highest absorbance peak at 419 nm, indicating the More >

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ARTICLE

Sputtering under Mild Heating Enables High-Quality ITO for Efficient Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.10, pp. 2509-2518, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.021400
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Perovskite Solar Cells)
Abstract Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) are promising in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) and tandem solar cells (TSCs). One of the keys to fabricate high-performance ST-PSCs is depositing efficient transparent electrodes. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is an excellent transparent conductive oxide with good light transmittance and high conductivity. However, the high sheet resistance of ITO sputtered at room temperature leads to the low fill factor (FF) and poor power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the ST-PSCs. Here, we study the effect of the sputtering temperature on the properties of ITO and the performance of ST-PSCs. We find that More >

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Development of Antioxidant Packaging Film Based on Chinese Bayberry Tannin Extract and Polyvinyl Alcohol

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.1, pp. 19-31, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016152
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Food Packaging Materials Based on Renewable Resources)
Abstract The current work explores the potential use of commercial Chinese bayberry tannin (BT) to develop antioxidant PVA-based films using solvent casting process for packaging applications. The effect of BT concentration on opacity, water resistance and antioxidant capacity of resulting films was investigated. Properties like tensile strength, thermal behavior, and morphological aspects were also characterized. The experimental results showed that PVA/BT films formed with uniformly brown color and generally good transparency, offering good antioxidant ability. The PVA film containing BT presented slightly higher water resistance according to the results of moisture content and water vapor permeability, More >

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REVIEW

A Review of Various Sources of Chitin and Chitosan in Nature

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 1097-1123, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018142
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable Material from Agricultural Waste and By-Product and Its Applications)
Abstract Chitin was first discovered by its name from the Greek word “chiton”, which means “mail coat”. It is indeed a polysaccharide made up of naturally occurring acetyl-D-glucosamine monomers. Hatchett was the first researcher who extracted chitin from the shells of mollusks (crabs and lobsters), prawns, and crayfish in 1799. Later in 1811, Henri Braconnot discovered chitin in the cell walls of mushrooms and called it “fungine”. Chitin and chitosan are abundant in the biosphere as essential components of many organisms’ exoskeletons and as by-products of the global seafood industry. The biopolymer must be deacetylated before… More >

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Constructing Straight Pores and Improving Mechanical Properties of Gangue-Based Porous Ceramics

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 2129-2141, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016090
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Trends in Sustainable Materials for Energy Conversion, CO₂ Capture and Pollution Control)
Abstract The large-scale accumulation and pollution of solid mining waste is an urgent issue. Coal gangue is a prominent type of solid waste, and shows promise for use in high value-added products due to its content of many important compounds, including SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. This study proposed the preparation of highly porous ceramics from coal gangue, coal slime, and coconut palm fibers. The ceramics were produced at a sintering temperature of 950°C with a fiber content of 6 wt%, which led to the formation of porous ceramics with a porosity of 66.93%, volume density of 1.0329 g/cm3… More >

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Fabrication of Crack-Free Flattened Bamboo and Its Macro-/Micro-Morphological and Mechanical Properties

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.5, pp. 959-977, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.014285
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable building materials and properties)
Abstract This work aimed to help the bamboo industry develop methodology for producing imperfection-free bamboo boards that can serve either decorative or structural benefit to consumers seeking to engage with the bioeconomy. Specifi- cally, softened and slotted bamboo tubes were handled by a roller device with nails to render crack-free flattened bamboo board. Softening temperature and time were optimized herein according to findings regarding chemical composition and board mechanical properties. The optimal softening parameters for saturated steam heat treatment is proved to be 160°C for 8 minutes. The flattened bamboo board possesses an increased bending strength… More >

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Removal of Cu(II), Pb(II), Mg(II), and Fe(II) by Adsorption onto Alginate/Nanocellulose Beads as Bio-Sorbent

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.4, pp. 601-613, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.014005
Abstract

Alginate blended with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and tri-carboxylate cellulose nanofibers (TPC-CNF) prepared and encapsulated in the form of microcapsules (bio-polymeric beads). The cellulosic nanomaterials that used in this study were investigated as nanomaterials for wastewater treatment applications. Batch experiments were performed to study the removal of copper, lead, magnesium, and iron from aqueous solutions by the prepared beads. The effects of the sorbent dosage and the modified polymers on the removing efficiency of the metal cations were examined. Atomic absorption was used to measure the metal ions concentrations. The modified bio-polymeric beads

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Organosolv Lignin for Non-Isocyanate Based Polyurethanes (NIPU) as Wood Adhesive

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.5, pp. 881-907, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.015047
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable and Biosourced Adhesives)
Abstract A non-isocyanate-based polyurethane (NIPU) wood adhesive was produced from organosolv lignin, which is a bio-sourced raw material, available in large quantities and produced as a by-product of the paper industry. The formulation of this new lignin-based NIPU adhesive, which is presented, was chemically characterised by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectrometry and by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometry analyses. The oligomers formed were determined and showed that the three species involved in the NIPU adhesive preparation were formed by the co-reaction of the three reagents used: lignin, dimethyl carbonate, and… More >

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Performance of Unidirectional Biocomposite Developed with Piptadeniastrum Africanum Tannin Resin and Urena Lobata Fibers as Reinforcement

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.3, pp. 477-493, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.012782
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable and Biosourced Adhesives)
Abstract The Piptadeniastrum Africanum bark tannin extract was characterized using MALDI TOF, ATR-FT MIR. It was used in the development of a resin with Vachellia nilotica extract as a biohardener. This tannin is consisting of Catechin, Quercetin, Chalcone, Gallocatechin, Epigallocatechin gallate, Epicatechin gallate. The gel time of the resin at natural pH (pH = 5.4) is 660 s and its MOE obtained by thermomechanical analysis is 3909 MPa. The tenacity of Urena lobata fibers were tested, woven into unidirectional mats (UD), and used as reinforcement in the development of biocomposite. The fibers tenacity at 20, 30 and 50 mm More >

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Conceptual Design of Glass/Renewable Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composite Motorcycle Side Cover

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.11, pp. 1973-1989, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016221
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Natural Fibre Composites: Design, Materials Selection and Fabrication)
Abstract This paper presents the development process relating to the conceptual design of glass/renewable natural fibrereinforced polymer hybrid composite motorcycle side cover. Motorcycle side cover is a component frequently made from plastic or steel that functions on covering the motorcycle parts, components and systems such as frame, battery, electrical systems and mechanical systems. Function Analysis Systems Techniques (FAST) is used to identify the functions of motorcycle side cover. The right-side cover of motorcycle model SYM E-Bonus 110 has been physically studied to identify the competitive benchmarking criteria. The functions and competitive benchmarking criteria are then compiled… More >

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Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling High-Density Polyethylene Plastic Waste

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.8, pp. 1463-1483, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.015529
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Plastic waste management towards a sustainable future)
Abstract Increasing production and use of various novel plastics products, a low recycling rate, and lack of effective recycling/disposal methods have resulted in an exponential growth in plastic waste accumulation in landfills and in the environment. To better understand the effects of plastic waste, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was done to compare the effects of various production and disposal methods. LCA shows the specific effects of the cradle-to-grave or cradle-to-cradle scenarios for landfill, incineration, and mechanical recycling. The analysis clearly indicates that increasing recycling of plastics can significantly save energy and eliminate harmful emissions of various… More >

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Slenderness Ratio Effect on the Eccentric Compression Performance of Chamfered Laminated Bamboo Lumber Columns

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.1, pp. 165-182, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.017223
Abstract Eccentric compression tests on 15 chamfered laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) columns with a height ranging from 600 to 3000 mm were conducted in order to study the eccentric mechanical performance. The failure of all specimens was caused by the crack of bamboo fiber in the tensile region. When the ultimate strength was reached, except specimens with a height of 600 mm, all other specimens could bear large deformation, showing good ductility. The lateral displacements of the specimens under eccentric compression were approximately parabolic in the direction of column height. The ultimate bending moment of LBL… More >

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Study on the Soy Protein-Based Adhesive Cross-Linked by Glyoxal

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.2, pp. 205-218, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.013655
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable and Biosourced Adhesives)
Abstract Based on the ESI-MS and ¹³C-NMR analysis of the forms of glyoxal in acidic and alkaline solutions, the soy-based adhesive cross-linked by glyoxal was prepared in this work. The results showed that glyoxal existed in water in different forms at different pH levels. Under alkaline conditions, glyoxal transformed to glycolate through the intramolecular disproportionation reaction. Under acidic conditions, although some of glyoxal transformed to glycolate as what happened under alkaline conditions, most of glyoxal molecules existed in the form of five- or six-membered cyclic ether structure. No ethylene tetraol or free aldehyde group was actually detected More >

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Nodes Effect on the Bending Performance of Laminated Bamboo Lumber Unit

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.6, pp. 1143-1156, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.015292
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable building materials and properties)
Abstract This research studied the ultimate bearing capacity of laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) unit and thereby calculated the maximum bending moment. The load-displacement chart for all specimens was obtained. Then the flexural capacity of members with and without bamboo nodes in the middle section was coMPared. The bending experiment phenomenon of LBL unit was concluded. Different failure modes of bending components were analysed and concluded. Finally, the bending behaviour of LBL units is coMPared with other bamboo and timber products. It is shown that the average ultimate load of BS members is 866.1 N, the average… More >

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