Open Access

ARTICLE

Validity, Reliability, and Measurement Invariance of the Thai Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale and Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale

Kamolthip Ruckwongpatr^1,#, Chirawat Paratthakonkun^2,#, Usanut Sangtongdee^3,4,*, Iqbal Pramukti⁵, Ira Nurmala⁶, Kanokwan Angkasith⁷, Weena Thanachaisakul⁷, Jatuphum Ketchatturat⁸, Mark D. Griffiths⁹, Yi-Kai Kao^10,*, Chung-Ying Lin^1,5,11,12

1 Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan
2 College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
3 Department of Forensic Science, Royal Police Cadet Academy, Nakhon Pathom, 73110, Thailand
4 School of Computing, Engineering, and Digital Technology, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
5 Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
6 Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
7 Faculty of Education, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
8 Faculty of Education, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
9 International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
10 Division of Colorectal Surgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
11 College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan
12 Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan

* Corresponding Authors: Usanut Sangtongdee. Email: ; Yi-Kai Kao. Email: