Open Access

ARTICLE

Instruments Assessing Problematic Use of the Internet and Their Associations with Psychological Distress among Ghanaian University Students

Yu-Ting Huang^1,#, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu^2,#, Emma Sethina Adjaottor^3,*, Frimpong-Manso Addo³, Mark D. Griffiths⁴, Amir H. Pakpour⁵, Chung-Ying Lin^1,6,7,8,*

1 Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
2 Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
3 Department of Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, AK-4944, Ghana
4 International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
5 Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, SE-551 11, Sweden
6 Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
7 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
8 Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan

* Corresponding Authors: Emma Sethina Adjaottor. Email: ; Chung-Ying Lin. Email:
# Yu-Ting Huang and Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu contributed equally to this work