Open Access

ARTICLE

Instruments Assessing Problematic Use of the Internet and Their Associations with Psychological Distress among Ghanaian University Students

Yu-Ting Huang^1,#, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu^2,#, Emma Sethina Adjaottor^3,*, Frimpong-Manso Addo³, Mark D. Griffiths⁴, Amir H. Pakpour⁵, Chung-Ying Lin^1,6,7,8,*
1 Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
2 Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
3 Department of Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, AK-4944, Ghana
4 International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
5 Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, SE-551 11, Sweden
6 Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
7 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
8 Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
* Corresponding Author: Emma Sethina Adjaottor. Email: ; Chung-Ying Lin. Email:
# Yu-Ting Huang and Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu contributed equally to this work

International Journal of Mental Health Promotion https://doi.org/10.32604/ijmhp.2024.057049

Received 06 August 2024; Accepted 30 September 2024; Published online 14 October 2024

Abstract

Background: The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) instruments and their correlation with psychological distress and time spent on Internet activities among university students in Ghana. Methods: In the present cross-sectional survey design study, 520 participants (35.96% female) were recruited with a mean age of 19.55 years (SD = 1.94) from several university departments (i.e., Behavioral Sciences, Materials Engineering, Nursing and Midwifery, and Biochemistry and Biotechnology) of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) between 19 July and 04 August, 2023. Participants completed a survey that included the following measures: the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A), Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and the external criterion measure: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to evaluate the structure of the instruments. Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω, and composite reliability were used to evaluate internal consistency. Pearson correlation was used to examine the associations between the scores of instruments assessing PIU, time spent on Internet activities, and the level of psychological distress. Results: Model fits confirmed the (i) unidimensional structure of the GDT, BSMAS, SABAS, IGDS9-SF, (ii) two-factor structure of the GADIS-A, and (iii) four-factor structure of the NMP-Q. Additionally, the study found that different types of PIU were significantly associated with psychological distress and time spent on related Internet activities. Conclusion: The six instruments validated in the present study demonstrated very good to excellent psychometric properties when applied to university students in Ghana. The significant associations between Internet-related disorders, time spent on Internet-related activities, and psychological distress highlight the importance of addressing issues of PIU among this population.

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Keywords

Factor analysis; Internet addiction disorder; psychometrics; social media; videogames

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