Open Access

ARTICLE

Privacy-Preserving Large-Scale AI Models for Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems: Hierarchical Poisoning Attacks and Defenses in Federated Learning

Yongsheng Zhu^1,2,*, Chong Liu^3,4, Chunlei Chen⁵, Xiaoting Lyu^3,4, Zheng Chen^3,4, Bin Wang⁶, Fuqiang Hu^3,4, Hanxi Li^3,4, Jiao Dai^3,4, Baigen Cai¹, Wei Wang^3,4

1 School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
2 Institute of Computing Technologies, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing, 100081, China
3 School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
5 Institute of Infrastructure Inspection, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing, 100081, China
6 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Perception Technology, Application and Cybersecurity, Hangzhou, 310053, China

* Corresponding Author: Yongsheng Zhu. Email: