Open Access

ARTICLE

An Optimization Approach of IoD Deployment for Optimal Coverage Based on Radio Frequency Model

by Tarek Sheltami^1,*, Gamil Ahmed¹, Ansar Yasar²

1 Computer Engineering Department, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
2 Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium

* Corresponding Author: Tarek Sheltami. Email:

Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024, 139(3), 2627-2647. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2023.044973

Received 13 August 2023; Accepted 27 November 2023; Issue published 11 March 2024

Abstract

Recently, Internet of Drones (IoD) has garnered significant attention due to its widespread applications. However, deploying IoD for area coverage poses numerous limitations and challenges. These include interference between neighboring drones, the need for directional antennas, and altitude restrictions for drones. These challenges necessitate the development of efficient solutions. This research paper presents a cooperative decision-making approach for an efficient IoD deployment to address these challenges effectively. The primary objective of this study is to achieve an efficient IoD deployment strategy that maximizes the coverage region while minimizing interference between neighboring drones. In deployment problem, the interference increases as the number of deployed drones increases, resulting in bad quality of communication. On the other hand, deploying a few drones cannot satisfy the coverage demand. To accomplish this, an enhanced version of a concise population-based meta-heuristic algorithm, namely Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO), is applied. The objective function of IPSO is defined based on the coverage probability, which is primarily influenced by the characteristics of the antennas and drone altitude. A radio frequency (RF) model is derived to evaluate the coverage quality, considering both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) down-link coverage probabilities for ground communication. It is assumed that each drone is equipped with a directional antenna to optimize coverage in a given region. Extensive simulations are conducted to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves maximum coverage with minimum transmission power. Furthermore, a comparison is made against Collaborative Visual Area Coverage Approach (CVACA), and a game-based approach in terms of coverage quality and convergence speed. The simulation results reveal that our approach outperforms both CVACA and the game-based schemes in terms of coverage and convergence speed. Comparisons validate the superiority of our approach over existing methods. To assess the robustness of the proposed RF model, we have considered two distinct ranges of noise: range1 spanning from −120 to −90 dBm, and range2 spanning from −90 to −70 dBm for different numbers of UAVs. In summary, this research presents a cooperative decision-making approach for efficient IoD deployment to address the challenges associated with area coverage and achieves an optimal coverage with minimal interference.

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Keywords

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