Open Access

ARTICLE

Optimization of Cooperative Relaying Molecular Communications for Nanomedical Applications

Eman S. Attia¹, Ashraf A. M. Khalaf¹, Fathi E. Abd El-Samie², Saied M. Abd El-atty^2,*, Konstantinos A. Lizos^3,#, Osama Alfarraj⁴, Heba M. El-Hoseny⁵

1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, 61111, Egypt
2 Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt
3 Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
4 Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11437, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Computer science, The Higher Future Institute for Specialized Technological Studies, El Shorouk, Egypt

Saied M. Abd El-atty. Email:
# Corresponding Address: Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Athens, Greece

Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024, 138(2), 1259-1275. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2023.028990

Received 22 January 2023; Accepted 10 July 2023; Issue published 17 November 2023

Abstract

Recently, nano-systems based on molecular communications via diffusion (MCvD) have been implemented in a variety of nanomedical applications, most notably in targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) scenarios. Furthermore, because the MCvD is unreliable and there exists molecular noise and inter symbol interference (ISI), cooperative nano-relays can acquire the reliability for drug delivery to targeted diseased cells, especially if the separation distance between the nano transmitter and nano receiver is increased. In this work, we propose an approach for optimizing the performance of the nano system using cooperative molecular communications with a nano relay scheme, while accounting for blood flow effects in terms of drift velocity. The fractions of the molecular drug that should be allocated to the nano transmitter and nano relay positioning are computed using a collaborative optimization problem solved by the Modified Central Force Optimization (MCFO) algorithm. Unlike the previous work, the probability of bit error is expressed in a closed-form expression. It is used as an objective function to determine the optimal velocity of the drug molecules and the detection threshold at the nano receiver. The simulation results show that the probability of bit error can be dramatically reduced by optimizing the drift velocity, detection threshold, location of the nano-relay in the proposed nano system, and molecular drug budget.

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Keywords

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