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ARTICLE
The Influence of Saturated and Bilinear Incidence Functions on the Dynamical Behavior of HIV Model Using Galerkin Scheme Having a Polynomial of Order Two
1 Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, 24461, Pakistan
2 Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
* Corresponding Author: Attaullah. Email:
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Differential Equations and New Methods in Mathematical Biology)
Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2023, 136(2), 1661-1685. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2023.023059
Received 07 April 2022; Accepted 26 September 2022; Issue published 06 February 2023
Abstract
Mathematical modelling has been extensively used to measure intervention strategies for the control of contagious conditions. Alignment between different models is pivotal for furnishing strong substantiation for policymakers because the differences in model features can impact their prognostications. Mathematical modelling has been widely used in order to better understand the transmission, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. Herein, we study the dynamics of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection model with four variables: S (t), I (t), C (t), and A (t) the susceptible individuals; HIV infected individuals (with no clinical symptoms of AIDS); HIV infected individuals (under ART with a viral load remaining low), and HIV infected individuals (with two different incidence functions (bilinear and saturated incidence functions). A novel numerical scheme called the continuous Galerkin-Petrov method is implemented for the solution of the model. The influence of different clinical parameters on the dynamical behavior of S (t), I (t), C (t) and A (t) is described and analyzed. All the results are depicted graphically. On the other hand, we explore the time-dependent movement of nanofluid in porous media on an extending sheet under the influence of thermal radiation, heat flux, hall impact, variable heat source, and nanomaterial. The flow is considered to be 2D, boundary layer, viscous, incompressible, laminar, and unsteady. Sufficient transformations turn governing connected PDEs into ODEs, which are solved using the proposed scheme. To justify the envisaged problem, a comparison of the current work with previous literature is presented.Keywords
The study of epidemic models is a powerful tool for the dynamics of different infectious diseases in real-world phenomena. For the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases in a population, mathematicians and biologists used various epidemic models [1–4]. There are innovative scientific advances and significant health intervention measures in the globe, yet HIV/AIDS remains one of humanity’s graves devastating diseases. Many countries are still seriously afflicted by this disease. Currently, the global spread of HIV infection is influencing the occurrence of other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) [2]. HIV is a virus that causes HIV infection and is transferred during sexual activity, breastfeeding, and sharing injectable drug gear such as needles with HIV positive people. AIDS, the most severe stage of HIV infection, is triggered by the HIV pathogens. In 2018, the number of individuals living with HIV/AIDS and the number of deaths worldwide is expected to hit 37.9 million and 1.2 million, respectively. Approximately 62% of those infected were confirmed and started on antiretroviral therapy (ART) [4]. Many therapies have been proposed to improve the quality of life of HIV patients, including antiretroviral therapy [5], chemotherapy, and stem cell therapy. Antiretroviral therapy, which is the most commonly used combination of drugs to treat HIV infection, has many side effects [6]. Stem cell therapy is very limited due to the high cost of the procedure as well as the difficulty of obtaining healthy and consistent donors. A mathematical model is a mathematically based description of a dynamical system. It is essential for evaluating and controlling the HIV/AIDS infectious disease. Several assumptions and factors have substantial effects on the construction of a model, which may be changed employing controlling functions. Thus, using the idea of optimal control theory, a mathematical model of the HIV/AIDS pandemic can be reconstructed, and the disease’s regulating mechanisms may be studied. This theory contains several useful concepts that explain how disease, whether epidemic or pandemic, may be managed via biological controls. This concept has been adopted by many authors in order to control infection. Several HIV models have been developed in recent years to better understand the dynamics of HIV infection, disease progression, and the interaction of the immune system with HIV in the area of HIV infection of CD4+T cells.
Naresh et al. [7] presented a nonlinear HIV/AIDS mathematical model. They claimed that HIV infection has been reduced significantly because of increased awareness of HIV infectives as identified by screening and contact tracing, but that the illness remains prevalent due to immigration and the lack of contact tracking. Finally, they believe that the most effective way to minimize the disease burden is to spread awareness about HIV/AIDS. Nyabadza et al. [8] investigated a deterministic HIV/AIDS model that describes condom usage, HIV counselling and testing (HCT), and therapy. They examined the concept because HCT practice is still in its early stages. According to the model, this campaign has very little impact on reducing HIV endemicity. A mathematical model for HIV/AIDS dynamics was proposed by Mushanyu [9]. He looked at the effects of HIV late diagnosis on the disease’s spread. His numerical findings show that early HIV/AIDS treatment motivation and improved HIV self-testing schedules offer more undiagnosed people the knowledge they need to know their HIV status, reducing HIV transmission. Ullah et al. [10] established an optimal control model for the COVID-19 pandemic. They used real-world data to quantitatively evaluate the model. They proved that the proposed method could control the disease. Geffen et al. [11] proposed a mathematical model of the hepatitis B virus, including isolation, treatment, and vaccine technology. Alrabaiah et al. [12] used the Galerkin method to solve the HIV infection model. They used a method called residual correction. The purpose of this technique is to reduce the error rate of the solution. Yüzbaşı et al. [13] used the cGP (2) and “LWCM” to approximate the solution of the proposed model. Furthermore, they solved the model using the traditional RK4-method. Finally, they compared the results obtained from the RK4-method to those acquired from the proposed schemes in order to ensure their validity. Sohaib [14] came up with a completely new way to think about the HIV pandemic. This model allows for a lot of new people to get infected. They examined the impact of public health education initiatives on the prevalence of the condition and found that they had no effect. In order to define the control and determine the best system, they employed “Pontryagin’s maximal principle”. Seatlhodi [15] developed and tested HIV/AIDS models using Caputo-fractional derivatives as a medical therapy. They first established Caputo-fractional order HIV/AIDS models with switching parameters and studied their dynamics using the Lyapunov–Razumikhin approach, based on the fractional derivative order linked to memory and genetic effects, and considering that the model coefficients are time-varying parameters. Wang et al. [16] proposed an SIR model with long-range temporal memory. The proposed model consists of delayed differential equations. They considered that the susceptible individual is following the logistic form, in which the incidence term takes the saturated form. The existence of steady states and the stability of those states are also examined. The concept of the Lyapunov function is used to figure out a new set of conditions that keep the steady states stable. The dynamical behavior of various infectious diseases are described using the idea of mathematical modeling (see [17–30] for detail information). Attaullah et al. [31] established a mathematical model for the dynamics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. They implemented the continuous Galerkin Petrov time discretization scheme and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4)-method to illustrate the dynamical behavior of the model, as well as a detailed description of the effects of different physical parameters of interest, which are depicted graphically and discussed how the level of healthy, infected CD T-cells, and free HIV particles varies related to the emerging parameters in the model. Sabir et al. [32] considered a novel designed prevention class in the HIV nonlinear model and solved numerically. Amin et al. [33] used the Haar wavelet approach to estimate the solution of the mathematical model of HIV infection CD4+T-Cells.
In this manuscript, we implemented a new method, namely the continuous Galerkin-Petrov scheme for finding the approximate solution of the non-linear model for HIV infection presented by Mehdi et al. [1]. The proposed model is divided into four different compartments. We presented the impact of saturated and bilinear incidence functions and different clinical parameters (the parameter
2 Mathematical Description of the Model
In the absence of HIV, it is important to understand the population of T-cells produced by the bone marrow. Therefore, the premature cells shifted to an organ called the thymus, which is present in the chest sternum for further maturation and conversion into immune component T-cells. In humans, at the time of puberty, the thymus secretion in adults has minimal consequences, despite the thymus being in full operation and the fever lymphocytes performing as precursors of T-cells and immune component T-cells. The progression chain can be calculated by the number of T-cells, which shows us the initial symptoms. Enormous models have been developed for HIV infection. Mehdi et al. [1] suggested that the HIV infection model consists of four variables as follows:
initial conditions are given as follows:
the unknows
The general incidence function
3 The Continuous Galerkin Petrov Technique
The Galerkin technique is an effective tool for numerically investigating critical challenges. This approach is commonly employed for complicated problems and is capable of dealing with nonlinear system and complicated problems.
This section is focused on the application and implementation of the suggested technique to the aforementioned model. For simplicity some assumptions are given, i.e.,
Find
Here
where
We divide the time interval J into N subintervals for the Galerkin time discretization.
where
where
This discretization is called the exact cGP-technique of order l. (see [14,22–31] for details). Now, to find
with the initial condition
where
To determine
where the coefficient
where
For the choice of initial conditions, we set
The other points
Using Eq. (14) in Eq. (9), we get
This implies that
We define the basis functions
Let
where
Similarly, we define the test basis functions
Now, we transform the integral into a reference interval
This implies that
Here
Then we get the special form of the numerically integrated
where
Here, we apply the Gauss-Lobatto formula (Simpson rule) along the points
with respect to the time interval
In this study, we consider the global dynamics of a HIV infection model with general incidence rate. The aforesaid model represents the dynamical behavior of four different compartments. In the given model, we insert two types of incidence function to observe distinct variations through the graphical representation. Figs. 1–4 show the dynamical behavior for the bilinear incidence function
Figure 1: Population dynamics of the HIV susceptible individuals
Figure 2: Population dynamics of the HIV infected individuals
Figure 3: Population dynamics of HIV infected individuals
Figure 4: Population dynamics of the HIV infected individuals
Figure 5: Graphical simulations of bilinear incidence function for
Figure 6: Graphical simulations of bilinear incidence function for
Figure 7: Graphical simulations of bilinear incidence function for
Figure 8: Graphical simulations of bilinear incidence function for
Figure 9: Influence of saturated incidence function for
Figure 10: Influence of saturated incidence function for
Figure 11: Influence of saturated incidence function for
Figure 12: Influence of saturated incidence function for
The graph shows that raising the value of
Figure 13: Impact of bilinear incidence function for
Figure 14: Impact of bilinear incidence function
Figure 15: Impact of bilinear incidence function for
Figure 16: Impact of bilinear incidence function
Figs. 17–20 demonstrate the dependence of the saturated incidence function
Figure 17: Dependence of saturated incidence function
Figure 18: Dependence of saturated incidence function for
Figure 19: Dependences of saturated incidence function for
Figure 20: Dependences of saturated incidence function for
Consider an infinite horizontal parallel disk in which incompressible laminar flow of the nanomaterial fluid is examined. The plates are porous and rotating with angular velocity
Figure 21: Geometry of the problem
The basic flow equations of Nano liquid are [34–39]:
With bounded conditions [34,36,37,40]
The radioactive heat flux is expressed by the following relation [34,35]:
The varying thermal conductivity given in Eq. (29) is explored as [37,39,41,42]:
By using Eqs. (32) and (33), Eq. (29) becomes
By proper conversion [34,35,38]
By using the upstairs conversion Eq. (25) is triflingly equated. However, Eqs. (26)–(28), (30), (31), and (34) yield the system
The boundary constraints gross the form:
The physical quantities of interest are as follows:
Using Eqs. (35), (41)–(46) are transformed into
This segment is devoted to enclosing a well-known Galerkin scheme to handle the aforementioned nonlinear problems. For the validity of the obtained solution, we compared the present solution with those exist in the published literature. Table 3 provides a comparative analysis of the current study with Tlili et al. [37]. There is a significant correlation between the outcomes.
In this paper, we considered the HIV infection model, which consists of four nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We applied an innovative numerical approach known as the continuous Galerkin-Petrov scheme to determine the solution of the model. In addition, we analyzed the dynamics of HIV-infected model with a different incidence rate. Assessed the effects of various clinical parameters on the dynamical behavior of distinct compartments. In the suggested model, we included two types of incidence functions (bilinear and saturated incidence functions) in order to observe visually distinctive fluctuations. By varying the values of various parameters, we observed the periodic rise and fall of the curves of various populations. The bilinear incidence function and the saturated incidence function initially exhibit identical dynamical behavior, as indicated in the illustrations. Nevertheless, with time, various graphical representations evolve. The aforementioned results highlight the importance for mathematical modelling of HIV infection. This will be performed to analyze the population dynamics of CD4+T-cells in the existence and exclusion of HIV, which will be beneficial in identifying clinical AIDS manifestations and in halting the epidemic. It enables physicians with enough information to minimize the viral burden of the disease. The aforementioned approach was employed to investigate a mathematical model for nano-material fluid flow between two analogous infinite disks. The findings are validated through comparison toward those reported in the literature.
Future Recommendations:
It is a well-known observation that fractional analysis has increasingly become a prominent research area. It has been demonstrated that fractional calculus is especially beneficial for imitating a number of legitimate situations. Employing fractional order derivatives and integrals, researchers have evaluated infectious maladies such as COVID-19, HIV, AIDS, and others. The future challenge will involve assessing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of our concept with various fractional order derivatives.
Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers.
Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.
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