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DOI: 10.32604/cmes.2022.021081

ARTICLE

Frenet Curve Couples in Three Dimensional Lie Groups

Osman Zeki Okuyucu*

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
*Corresponding Author: Osman Zeki Okuyucu. Email: osman.okuyucu@bilecik.edu.tr
Received: 26 December 2021; Accepted: 28 March 2022

Abstract: In this study, we examine the possible relations between the Frenet planes of any given two curves in three dimensional Lie groups with left invariant metrics. We explain these possible relations in nine cases and then introduce the conditions that must be met to coincide with the planes of these curves in nine theorems.

Keywords: Curves; lie groups; curvatures; Frenet plane

1  Introduction

The theory of curves has an important role in differential geometry studies. In the theory of curves, one of the interesting problems is to investigate the relations between two curves. The Frenet elements of the curves have an effective role in the solution of the problem.

For example, if the principal normal vectors coincide at the corresponding points of the curves α and β, the curve couple {α,β} is called the Bertrand curve couple in a three-dimensional Euclidean space [1,2]. Similarly, if tangent vectors coincide, the curve couple {α,β} is called the involute-evolute curve couple. Also, if the normal vector of the curve α coincides with the bi-normal vector of the curve β, the curve couple {α,β} is called the Mannheim curve couple [3].

In a three-dimensional Lie group G with a bi-invariant metric, Çiftçi has defined general helices [4]. Also Okuyucu et al. have obtained slant helices and Bertrand curves in G [5,6]. Gök et al. have investigated Mannheim curves in G [7]. Recently, Yampolsky et al. have examined helices in three dimensional Lie group G, with left-invariant metric [8]. Also, many applications of curves theory are studied and still have been investigated in three dimensional Lie groups (see [912], etc.).

Karakuş et al. have examined the possibility of whether any Frenet plane of a given space curve in a three-dimensional Euclidean space is also any Frenet plane of another space curve in the same space [13].

In this study, we examine the possible relations between the Frenet planes of given two curves in three dimensional Lie groups with left invariant metrics.

2  Preliminaries

Let G be a three dimensional Lie group with left-invariant metric , and let g denote the Lie algebra of G which consists of the all smooth vector fields of G invariant under left translation. There are two classes of three dimensional Lie groups:

1.    If the group is unimodular, we have a (positively oriented) orthonormal frame of left-invariant vector fields {e1,e2,e3}, such that the brackets satisfy

[e1,e2]=λ3e3,[e1,e3]=λ2e2,[e2,e3]=λ1e1,

where λi are called structure constants. The constants

μi=12(λ1+λ2+λ3)λi,

are called connection coefficients.

2.   If the group is nonunimodular, we have an othonormal frame {e1,e2,e3}, such that

[e1,e2]=αe2+βe3,[e1,e3]=βe2+δe3,[e2,e3]=0,

see [14].

Using the Koszul formula the covariant derivatives eiej can be found as in the following tables:

images

for unimodular and nonunimodular cases, respectively.

The cross-products of the vectors e1,e2,e3 are defined by the following equalities:

e1×e2=e3,e2×e3=e1,e3×e1=e2,

in three dimensional case. For unimodular and nonunimodular groups, we have eiek=μ(ei)×ek, and so

Xek=μ(X)×ek,

for any vector field X, where μ is a affine transformation as follows:

μ(X)={μ1X1e1+μ2X2e2+μ3X3e3,βX1e1+δX3e2αX2e3,

for unimodular and nonunimodular cases, respectively (see [8]).

We have eiek=μ(ei)×ek for both groups, and so

Xek=μ(X)×ek,(1)

for any vector field X.

Let γ be an arc-lengthed curve on the group and T=γ˙ be the unit tangent vector field. For any vector field ξγ, using the Eq. (1), we get

Tξ=ξ˙kek+μ(T)×ξ,(2)

where the vector field ξ˙=dξidsei is dot-derivative of the vector field ξ along the curve γ. If ξ is the restriction of a left-invariant vector field to the curve γ the ξ˙=0 (see [8]).

Let T, N and B be the vectors of the standard Frenet frame of the curve γ. We get the following equations with the help of Eq. (2):

TT=T˙+μ(T)×T,TB=B˙+μ(T)×B,TN=N˙+μ(T)×N.(3)

Along the curve γ, we can define a new frame {τ,v,β}, which is called dot-Frenet Frame, by

τ=T,v=1k0τ˙,β=τ×v,

where k0=|T˙|. By definition ϰ0=|β˙|.

Proposition 2.1. The dot-Frenet frame {τ,v,β} satisfies dot-Frenet formulas, namely

τ˙=kov,v˙=k0τ+ϰ0β,β˙=ϰ0v.

The Frenet and the dot-Frenet frames are connected by

τ=T,v=cosαN+sinαB,β=sinαN+cosαB,

where α=α(s) is the angle function (see [8]).

Proposition 2.2. The transformation μ(T) can be given by

μ(T)=(ϰ+α˙ϰ0)T+k0sinαN+(kk0cosα)B,(4)

with respect to the Frenet frame {T,N,B}.

Define a group-curvature kG and a group-torsion ϰG of a curve by

kG=|μ(T)×T|,ϰG=|μ(T)×B|,

respectively. As a consequence of (4), the dot-curvature and the dot-torsion of a curve can be expressed in terms of the group-curvature kG, group-torsion ϰG of a curve, and angle function α by

kG2=(kk0)2+4kk0sin2(α/2),ϰG2=k02sinα2+(ϰϰ0+α˙)2

(see [8]).

3  Frenet Curve Couples in Three Dimensional Lie Groups

Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be curves with arc-length parameter s and s¯, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. We denote Frenet apparatus of the curves ζ and η with {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively. We know that Sp{T,N}, Sp{N,B} and Sp{T,B} are the osculating plane, the normal plane and the rectifying plane of the curve ζ, respectively. And similarly, Sp{T¯,N¯}, Sp{N¯,B¯} and Sp{T¯,B¯} are the osculating plane, the normal plane and the rectifying plane of the curve η, respectively. Now we investigate the possible cases and the relations between the Frenet planes of any given two curves in three dimensional Lie groups with left invariant metrics in a step by step manner:

Case 1: We assume that, osculating plane of the curve ζ is the osculating plane of the curve η, that is Sp{T,N}=Sp{T¯,N¯}. As in Fig. 1, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 1: Osculating planes of the curves ζ and η

So we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aT(s)+bN(s),a0,b0,(5)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (5) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0cosα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b˙)1rN(s)+(ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0))1rB(s),(6)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that B is parallel to B¯, since B=Sp{T,N}=Sp{T¯,N¯}=B¯. If we multiply the Eq. (6) with B, we get

(ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0))1r=0orak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0)=0.

And so, we have

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0cosα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b˙)1rN(s).(7)

By using Eq. (7), we can set

T¯(s¯)=cosψ(s)T(s)+sinψ(s)N(s),N¯(s¯)=sinψ(s)T(s)+cosψ(s)N(s),(8)

where ψ is smooth angle function between T and T¯ on I and

cosψ(s)=(1+a˙bk0cosα)1r,(9)

sinψ(s)=(ak0cosα+b˙)1r.(10)

By using the Eqs. (9) and (10), we obtain

r=(1+a˙bk0cosα)2+(ak0cosα+b˙),2

and

bk0cosαa˙+cotψ(ak0cosα+b˙)=1.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (8) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(ψ˙sinψsinψk0cosα)T+(cosψk0cosα+ψ˙cosψ)N+(cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α˙+ϰ0))B.(11)

If we multiply the Eq. (11), with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=ψ˙+k0cosα,(12)

rk¯0sinα¯=cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α˙+ϰ0).(13)

By using Eqs. (12) and (13), we obtain

ψ˙+k0cosαcotα¯(cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α˙+ϰ0))=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.1. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The osculating planes of these curves coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that

ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0)=0,(i)(1+a˙bk0cosα)2+(ak0cosα+b˙)20,(ii)bk0cosαa˙+cotψ(ak0cosα+b˙)=1,(iii)ψ˙+k0cosαcotα¯(cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α˙+ϰ0))=0.(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T and T¯ at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 2: We assume that, osculating plane of the curve ζ is the normal plane of the curve η, that is Sp{T,N}=Sp{N¯,B¯}. As in Fig. 2, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

Thus, we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aT(s)+bN(s),a0,b0,(14)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (14) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0cosα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b˙)1rN(s)+(ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0))1rB(s),(15)

where r=ds¯ds.

images

Figure 2: Osculating plane of the curve ζ and normal plane of the curve η

We know that B is parallel to T¯, since B=Sp{T,N}=Sp{N¯,B¯}=T¯. If we multiply the Eq. (15) with T, N and B, respectively, we get

1+a˙bk0cosα=0,ak0cosα+b˙=0,ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0)=r.

And so, we have the equation T¯(s¯)=B(s). If we calculate the dot-derivative of this equation with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(α˙ϰ0)Nk0sinαT.(16)

If we multiply the Eq. (16) with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=sinψ(α˙ϰ0)cosψk0sinα,(17)

rk¯0sinα¯=cosψ(α˙ϰ0)+sinψk0sinα,(18)

where ψ is the smooth angle function between T and N¯. By using the Eqs. (17) and (18), we obtain

cotα¯=sinψ(α˙ϰ0)cosψk0sinαcosψ(α˙ϰ0)+sinψk0sinα

that is

sinψ(α˙ϰ0)cosψk0sinαcotα¯(cosψ(α˙ϰ0)+sinψk0sinα)=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.2. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The osculating plane of the curve ζ and the normal plane of the curve η coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that:

1+a˙bk0cosα=0,(i)ak0cosα+b˙=0,(ii)ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0)0,(iii)sinψ(α˙ϰ0)cosψk0sinαcotα¯(cosψ(α˙ϰ0)+sinψk0sinα)=0,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T and N¯ at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 3: We assume that, osculating plane of the curve ζ is the rectifying plane of the curve η, that is Sp{T,N}=Sp{T¯,B¯}. As in Fig. 3, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 3: Osculating plane of the curve ζ and rectifying plane of the curve η

Thus, we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aT(s)+bN(s),a0,b0,(19)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (19) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0cosα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b˙)1rN(s)+(ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0))1rB(s),(20)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that B is parallel to N¯, since B=Sp{T,N}=Sp{T¯,B¯}=N¯. If we multiply the Eq. (20) with B, we get

(ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0))1r=0orak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0)=0.

And so, we have

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0cosα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b˙)1rN(s).(21)

By Eq. (21), we can set

T¯(s¯)=cosψ(s)T(s)+sinψ(s)N(s),B¯(s¯)=sinψ(s)T(s)+cosψ(s)N(s),(22)

where ψ is smooth angle function between T and T¯ on I and

cosψ(s)=(1+a˙bk0cosα)1r,(23)

sinψ(s)=(ak0cosα+b˙)1r.(24)

By using the Eqs. (23) and (24), we obtain

r=(1+a˙bk0cosα)2+(ak0cosα+b˙)2

and

bk0cosαa˙+cotψ(ak0cosα+b˙)=1.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (22) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(ψ˙sinψsinψk0cosα)T+(cosψk0cosα+ψ˙cosα)N+(cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α¯+ϰ0))B.(25)

If we multiply the Eq. (25), with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α˙+ϰ0),(26)

rk¯0sinα¯=ψ˙+k0cosα.(27)

By using Eqs. (26) and (27), we obtain

cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α˙+ϰ0)cotα¯(ψ˙+k0cosα)=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.3. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The osculating plane of the curve ζ and the rectifying plane of the curve η coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that

ak0sinα+b(α˙+ϰ0)=0,(i)(1+a˙bk0cosα)2+(ak0cosα+b˙)20,(ii)bk0cosαa˙+cotψ(ak0cosα+b˙)=1,(iii)cosψk0sinα+sinψ(α˙+ϰ0)cotα¯(ψ˙+k0cosα)=0,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T and T¯ at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 4: We assume that, normal plane of the curve ζ is the osculating plane of the curve η, that is Sp{N,B}=Sp{T¯,N¯}. As in Fig. 4, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 4: Normal plane of the curve ζ and osculating plane of the curve η

So we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aN(s)+bB(s),a0,b0,(28)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (28) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1ak0cosαbk0sinα)1rT(s)+(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)1rB(s),(29)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that T is parallel to B¯, since T=Sp{N,B}=Sp{T¯,N¯}=B¯. If we multiply the Eq. (29) with T, we get

(1ak0cosαbk0sinα)1r=0orak0cosα+bk0sinα=1.

And so, we have

T¯(s¯)=(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)1rB(s).(30)

By the Eq. (30), we can set

T¯(s¯)=cosψ(s)N(s)+sinψ(s)B(s),N¯(s¯)=sinψ(s)N(s)+cosψ(s)B(s),(31)

where ψ is smooth angle function between T¯ and N on I and

cosψ(s)=(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))1r,(32)

sinψ(s)=(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)1r.(33)

By using Eqs. (32) and (33), we obtain

r=(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))2+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)2

and

a˙+b(α˙ϰ0)+cotψ(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)=0.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (31) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(cosψk0cosαsinψk0sinα)T+(ψ˙sinψ+sinψ(α˙ϰ0))N+(cosψ(α˙+ϰ0)+ψ˙cosψ)B.(34)

If we multiply the Eq. (34), with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=ψ˙+(α˙+ϰ0),(35)

rk¯0sinα¯=cosψk0cosαsinψk0sinα.(36)

By using Eqs. (35) and (36), we obtain

ψ˙+(α˙+ϰ0)+cotα¯k0cos(ψα)=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.4. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The normal plane of the curve ζ and the osculating plane of the curve η coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that

ak0cosα+bk0sinα=1,(i)(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))2+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)20,(ii)a˙+b(α˙ϰ0)+cotψ(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)=0,(iii)ψ˙+(α˙+ϰ0)+cotα¯k0cos(ψα)=0,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T¯ and N at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 5: We assume that, normal plane of the curve ζ is the normal plane of the curve η, that is Sp{N,B}=Sp{N¯,B¯}. As in Fig. 5, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 5: Normal planes of the curves ζ and η

Thus, we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aN(s)+bB(s),a0,b0,(37)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (37) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1ak0cosαbk0sinα)1rT(s)+(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)1rB(s),(38)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that T is parallel to T¯, since T=Sp{N,B}=Sp{N¯,B¯}=T¯. If we multiply the Eq. (38) with T, N and B, respectively, we get

ak0cosα+bk0sinα=1r,a˙+b(α˙ϰ0)=0,a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙=0.

And so, we have the equation T¯=T. If we calculate the dot-derivative of this equation with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=k0cosαN+k0sinαB.(39)

If we multiply the Eq. (39) with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=cosψk0cosα+sinψk0sinα,(40)

rk¯0sinα¯=sinψk0cosα+cosψk0sinα,(41)

where ψ is the smooth angle function between N and N¯. By using the Eqs. (40) and (41), we obtain

cotα¯=cosψk0cosα+sinψk0sinαsinψk0cosα+cosψk0sinα

that is

cotα¯=cos(ψα)sin(αψ).

This means that,

αψ=α¯+kπ,kZ.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.5. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The normal planes of these curves coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that:

1ak0cosαbk0sinα0,(i)a˙+b(α˙ϰ0)=0,(ii)a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙=0,(iii)αψ=α¯+kπ,kZ,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between N and N¯ at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 6: We assume that, normal plane of the curve ζ is the rectifying plane of the curve η, that is Sp{N,B}=Sp{T¯,B¯}. As in Fig. 6, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 6: Normal plane of the curve ζ and rectifying plane of the curve η

Thus, we have following relations between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aN(s)+bB(s),a0,b0,(42)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (42) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1ak0cosαbk0sinα)1rT(s)+(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)1rB(s),(43)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that T is parallel to N¯, since T=Sp{N,B}=Sp{T¯,B¯}=N¯. If we multiply the Eq. (43) with T, we get

(1ak0cosαbk0sinα)1r=0orak0cosα+bk0sinα=1.

And so, we have

T¯(s¯)=(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)1rB(s).(44)

By the Eq. (44), we can set

T¯(s¯)=cosψ(s)N(s)+sinψ(s)B(s),B¯(s¯)=sinψ(s)N(s)+cosψ(s)B(s),(45)

where ψ is smooth angle function between T¯ and N on I and

cosψ(s)=(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))1r,(46)

sinψ(s)=(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)1r.(47)

By using Eqs. (46) and (47), we obtain

r=(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))2+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)2

and

a˙+b(α˙ϰ0)+cotψ(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)=0.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (45) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(cosψk0cosαsinψk0sinα)T+(ψ˙sinψ+sinψ(α˙ϰ0))N+(cosψ(α˙+ϰ0)+ψ˙cosψ)B.(48)

If we multiply the Eq. (48), with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=cosψk0cosαsinψk0sinα,(49)

rk¯0sinα¯=ψ˙+(α˙+ϰ0).(50)

By using Eqs. (49) and (50), we obtain

k0cos(ψα)+cotα¯(ψ˙+(α˙+ϰ0))=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.6. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The normal plane of the curve ζ and the rectifying plane of the curve η coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that:

ak0cosα+bk0sinα=1,(i)(a˙+b(α˙ϰ0))2+(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)20,(ii)a˙+b(α˙ϰ0)+cotψ(a(α˙+ϰ0)+b˙)=0,(iii)k0cos(ψα)+cotα¯(ψ˙+(α˙+ϰ0))=0,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T¯ and N at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 7: We assume that, rectifying plane of the curve ζ is the osculating plane of the curve η, that is Sp{T,B}=Sp{T¯,N¯}. As in Fig. 7, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 7: Rectifying plane of the curve ζ and osculating plane of the curve η

So we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aT(s)+bB(s),a0,b0,(51)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (51) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0sinα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(ak0sinα+b˙)1rB(s),(52)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that N is parallel to B¯, since N=Sp{T,B}=Sp{T¯,N¯}=B¯. If we multiply the Eq. (52) with N, we get

(ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)1r=0orak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)=0.

And so, we have

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0sinα)1rT(s)+(ak0sinα+b˙)1rB(s).(53)

By the Eq. (53), we can set

T¯(s¯)=cosψ(s)T(s)+sinψ(s)B(s),N¯(s¯)=sinψ(s)T(s)+cosψ(s)B(s),(54)

where ψ is smooth function between T and T¯ on I and

cosψ(s)=(1+a˙bk0sinα)1r,(55)

sinψ(s)=(ak0sinα+b˙)1r.(56)

By using Eqs. (55) and (56), we obtain

r=(1+a˙bk0sinα)2+(ak0sinα+b˙)2

and

bk0sinαa˙+cotψ(ak0sinα+b˙)=1.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (54) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(ψ˙sinψsinψk0sinα)T+(cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0))N+(cosψk0sinα+ψ˙cosψ)B.(57)

If we multiply the Eq. (57) with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=ψ˙+kosinα,(58)

rk¯0sinα¯=cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0).(59)

By using Eqs. (58) and (59), we obtain

ψ˙+kosinαcotα¯(cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0))=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.7. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The rectifying plane of the curve ζ and the osculating plane of the curve η coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that:

ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)=0,(i)(1+a˙bk0sinα)2+(ak0sinα+b˙)20,(ii)bk0sinαa˙+cotψ(ak0sinα+b˙)=1,(iii)ψ˙+kosinαcotα¯(cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0))=0,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T and T¯ at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 8: We assume that, rectifying plane of the curve ζ is the normal plane of the curve η, that is Sp{T,B}=Sp{N¯,B¯}. As in Fig. 8, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 8: Rectifying plane of the curve ζ and normal plane of the curve η

Thus, we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aT(s)+bB(s),a0,b0,(60)

where a and b are real valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (60) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0sinα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(ak0sinα+b˙)1rB(s),(61)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that N is parallel to T¯, since N=Sp{T,B}=Sp{N¯,B¯}=T¯. If we multiply the Eq. (61) with T, N and B, respectively, we get

bk0sinαa˙=1,ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)=r,ak0sinα+b˙=0.

And so, we have the equation T¯(s¯)=N(s). If we calculate the dot derivative of this equation with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯)+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(α˙+ϰ0)Bk0cosαT.(62)

If we multiply the Eq. (62) with N¯(s¯) and B¯(s¯), respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=sinψ(α˙+ϰ0)cosψk0cosα,(63)

rk¯0sinα¯=cosψ(α˙+ϰ0)+sinψk0cosα,(64)

where ψ is the smooth angle function between the T and N¯. By using Eqs. (63) and (64), we obtain

cotα¯=sinψ(α˙+ϰ0)cosψk0cosαcosψ(α˙+ϰ0)+sinψk0cosα

that is

sinψ(α˙+ϰ0)cosψk0cosαcotα¯(cosψ(α˙+ϰ0)+sinψk0cosα)=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.8. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The rectifying plane of the curve ζ and the normal plane of the curve η coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that

bk0sinαa˙=1,(i)ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)0,(ii)ak0sinα+b˙=0,(iii)sinψ(α˙+ϰ0)cosψk0cosαcotα¯(cosψ(α˙+ϰ0)+sinψk0cosα)=0,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T and N¯ at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

Case 9: We assume that, rectifying plane of the curve ζ is the rectifying plane of the curve η, that is Sp{T,B}=Sp{T¯,B¯}. As in Fig. 9, this relationship exists at the corresponding points of along the curves ζ and η.

images

Figure 9: Rectifying planes of the curves ζ and η

Thus, we have following relation between the curves ζ and η:

η(s¯)=ζ(s)+aT(s)+bB(s),a0,b0,(65)

where a and b are real-valued non-zero functions of s.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (65) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0sinα)1rT(s)+(ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0))1rN(s)+(ak0sinα+b˙)1rB(s),(66)

where r=ds¯ds.

We know that N is parallel to N¯, since N=Sp{T,B}=Sp{T¯,B¯}=B¯. If we multiply the Eq. (66) with N, we get

(ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)1r=0orak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)=0.

And so, we have

T¯(s¯)=(1+a˙bk0sinα)1rT(s)+(ak0sinα+b˙)1rB(s)(67)

By the Eq. (67), we can set

T¯(s¯)=cosψ(s)T(s)+sinψ(s)B(s),B¯(s¯)=sinψ(s)T(s)+cosψ(s)B(s),(68)

where ψ is smooth angle function between T and T¯ on I and

cosψ(s)=(1+a˙bk0sinα)1r,(69)

sinψ(s)=(ak0sinα+b˙)1r.(70)

By using Eqs. (69) and (70), we obtain

r=(1+a˙bk0sinα)2+(ak0sinα+b˙)2

and

bk0sinαa˙+cotψ(ak0sinα+b˙)=1.

Calculating the dot-derivative of the Eq. (68) with the help of Eqs. (3) and (4), we get

r(k¯0cosα¯N¯+k¯0sinα¯B¯)=(ψ˙sinψsinψk0sinα)T+(cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0))N+(cosψk0sinα+ψ˙cosψ)B.(71)

If we multiply the Eq. (71) with N¯ and B¯, respectively, we get

rk¯0cosα¯=cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0),(72)

rk¯0sinα¯=ψ˙+kosinα.(73)

By using Eqs. (72) and (73), we obtain

cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0)cotα¯(ψ˙+kosinα)=0.

Thus we introduce the following theorem:

Theorem 3.9. Let ζ:IRG and η:I¯RG be two arc-length parametrized curves with the Frenet apparatus {T,N,B,k0,ϰ0,α} and {T¯,N¯,B¯,k¯0,ϰ¯0,α¯}, respectively, in three dimensional Lie group G with left-invariant metric. The rectifying planes of these curves coincide if and only if there exist real valued non-zero functions a and b on I, such that

ak0cosα+b(α˙ϰ0)=0,(i)(1+a˙bk0sinα)2+(ak0sinα+b˙)20,(ii)bk0sinαa˙+cotψ(ak0sinα+b˙)=1,(iii)cosψk0cosα+sinψ(α˙ϰ0)cotα¯(ψ˙+kosinα)=0,(iv)

where ψ is the angle between T and T¯ at the corresponding points of ζ and η.

4  Conclusions

It is well known that every smooth curves have a moving Frenet frame. This paper examines the relations between Frenet planes of two smooth curves in three dimensional Lie groups with left-invariant metric. There are nine possible relations that can occur. For each cases, we give conditions by nine theorems as above. These results are generalizations for relations between Frenet planes of two curves in three dimensional Euclidean spaces. By the paper's results, one will be able to investigate of special curve couples in three-dimensional Lie groups with left-invariant metric and correlate their results.

Funding Statement: The author received no specific funding for this study.

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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