[BACK]
images Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences images

DOI: 10.32604/cmes.2022.018338

ARTICLE

Note on a New Construction of Kantorovich Form q-Bernstein Operators Related to Shape Parameter λ

Qingbo Cai1 and Reşat Aslan2,*

1Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Data-Intensive Computing, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Information Processing, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, 63300, Turkey
*Corresponding Author: Reşat Aslan. Email: resat63@hotmail.com
Received: 16 July 2021; Accepted: 23 September 2021

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to introduce some approximation properties of a Kantorovich kind q-Bernstein operators related to Bézier basis functions with shape parameter λ[1,1]. Firstly, we compute some basic results such as moments and central moments, and derive the Korovkin type approximation theorem for these operators. Next, we estimate the order of convergence in terms of the usual modulus of continuity, for the functions belong to Lipschitz-type class and Peetre’s K-functional, respectively. Lastly, with the aid of Maple software, we present the comparison of the convergence of these newly defined operators to the certain function with some graphical illustrations and error estimation table.

Keywords: q-calculus; λ-Bernstein polynomials; order of convergence; Lipschitz-type function; Peetre’s K-functional

1  Introduction

One of the uncomplicated and most elegant proof of the Weierstrass approximation theorem, the polynomials introduced by Bernstein [1], still guides many studies. Very recently, the quantum calculus shortly (q-calculus), which has numerous applications in various disciplines, has attracted the attention of many authors working on approximation theory. Firstly, Lupaş [2] investigated several approximation properties of the generalizations of q-Bernstein polynomials. Afterward, Phillips [3] obtained some convergence theorems and Voronovskaya type asymptotic formula for the most popular generalizations of the q-Bernstein polynomials. Based on the studies [2,3], many approximation properties of the well-known linear positive operators via q-calculus were investigated in details by several researchers. We refer readers for some notable results [413].

In 2007, a Kantorovich type Bernstein polynomials via q-calculus are constructed by Dalmanoğlu [14] as follows:

Bm,q(μ;y)=[m+1]qj=0mbm,j(y;q)qj[j]q/[m+1]q[j+1]q/[m+1]qμ(t)dqt, y[0,1], bm,j(y;q):=[mj]qyjr=0mj1(1qry), (1)

where Bm,q: C[0,1]C[0,1] are defined for any mN and any function μC[0,1].

She obtained several approximation properties of the constructed polynomials (1) and estimated the order of approximation in terms of the modulus of continuity. Now, before proceeding further, we recall several basic notations based on q-calculus see details in [15]. Let 0<q1, for all integer j > 0, the q-integer [j] q is defined by

[j]q:={1qj1q,q1j,q=1.

The q-factorial [j] q! and q-binomial [jl]q are defined respectively, as below:

[j]q!:={[j]q[j-1]q..[1]q,j=1,2,..1,j=0

and

jlq:=[j]q![l]q![j-l]q!, (jl0).

The q-analogue of the integration on the interval [0, B] is defined as

0Bμ(t)dqt:=B(1-q)j=0μ(Bqj)qj,   q(0,1).

In 1962’s, French engineer Bézier handled the Bernstein basis functions, since they have a simple construction to utilization, to develop the shape design of surface and curve of cars. Moreover, these magnificent polynomials of Bernstein led to many application fields of Mathematics, such as computer graphics, computer-aided geometric design (CAGD), numerical solution of partial differential equations and, etc. Some applications in CAGD, one can refer to [1619].

In 2019, Cai et al. [20] proposed and studied some statistical approximation properties of a new generalization of (λ,q)-Bernstein polynomials via Bézier bases with shape parameter λ[1,1] as follows:

B~m,q,λ(μ;y)=j=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)μ([j]q[m]q), (2)

where

b˜ m,0(y;q,λ)=bm,0(y;q)λ[m]q%+1bm+1,1(y;q),b˜ m,j(y;q,λ)=bm,j(y;q)+λ([m]q2[j]q+1[m]q21bm+1,j(y;q)      [m]q2[j]q1[m]q21bm+1,j+1%(y;q)) (j=1,2,...,m1),b˜ m,m(y;q,λ)=bm,m(y;q)λ[m]q%+1bm+1,m(y;q), (3)

m2, y[0,1], 0<q1, λ[1,1] and bm, j(y; q) are defined in (1).

In the year 2020, Mursaleen et al. [21] considered Chlodowsky kind (λ,q)-Bernstein-Stancu polynomials and derived Korovkin-type convergence, and Voronovskaya-type asymptotic theorems. For some recent relevant works we refer to [2234].

Motivated by all write above-mentioned works, we will introduce and examine the following Kantorovich version of (λ,q)-Bernstein operators:

Rm,q,λ(μ;y)=[m+1]qj=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)qj[j]q/[m+1]q[j+1]q/[m+1]qμ(t)dqt. (4)

Remark 1.1. Let the operators Rm,q,λ(μ;y) be defined by (4). Then,

For λ=0, operators (4) reduce to the Kantorovich type q-Bernstein polynomials constructed by Dalmanoğlu [14].

For λ=0 and q = 1, operators (4) reduce to the classical Kantorovich polynomials [35].

For q = 1, operators (4) reduce to the Kantorovich type λ-Bernstein polynomials proposed by Cai [36].

The present research is organized as follows: In Section 2, we compute several preliminary outcomes such as moments and central moments. In Section 3, we give a Korovkin-type convergence theorem and estimate the degree of convergence in terms of the ordinary modulus of continuity, the functions belong to Lipschitz-type class and Peetre’s K-functional, respectively. In the final section, we demonstrate the comparison of the convergence of operators (4) to a function with some illustrations and error estimation table using Maple software.

2  Preliminaries

Lemma 2.1. (See [20]) Let eu(t) = tu, uN{0}, y[0,1], 0<q1, λ[1,1] and m > 1. Then, for the operators given by (2) we have

B~m,q,λ(e0;y)=1. (5)

B˜ m,q,λ(e1;y)=y+[m+1]qλy(1ym)[m]q([m]q1)       2[m+1]qλy[m]q21(1ym[m]q%+qy(1ym1))      +λq[m]q([m]q+1)(1r=0m(1qry)ym+1[m+1]qy(1ym))      +λ[m]q21{2[m+1]qy2(1ym1%)2[m+1]qy(1ym)q[m]q      +2q[m]q(1r=0m(1qry)ym+1)}. (6)

B~m,q,λ(e2;y)=y2+y(1y)[m]q+[m+1]qλy[m]q([m]q1)(qy(1ym1)+1ym[m]q)2[m+1]qλ[m]q([m]q21){y(1ym)[m]q+q(q+2)y2(1ym1)+q3[m1]qy3(1ym2)}λq[m]q([m]q+1){[m+1]qy2(1ym1)[m+1]qy(1ym)q[m]q+1r=0m(1qry)ym+1q[m]q}+2λ[m]q([m]q21)×{q[m1]q[m+1]qy3(1ym2)(1q)[m+1]qy2(1ym1)q+[m+1]qy(1ym)q2[m]q1r=0m(1qry)ym+1q2[m]q}. (7)

Lemma 2.2. Let y[0,1], 0<q1, λ[1,1] and m > 1. Then, we have

Rm,q,λ(1;y)=1. (8)

Proof. Taking into consideration the definition of q-integral, it follows:

Rm,q,λ(1;y)=[m+1]qj=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)qj[j]q/[m+1]q[j+1]q/[m+1]qdqt=[m+1]qj=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)qjqj[m+1]q=j=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)=B~m,q,λ(1;y)=1.

Hence, we get (8).

Lemma 2.3 Let y[0,1], 0<q1, λ[1,1] and m > 1. Then, we have

Rm,q,λ(t;y)=yqmy[m+1]q+λy(1ym)[m]q12[m]qλy[m]q21(1ym[m]q+qy(1ym1))+λq[m+1]q([m]q+1)(1r=0m(1qry)ym+1[m+1]qy(1ym))+λ[m]q[m+1]q([m]q21){2[m+1]qy2(1ym1)2[m+1]qy(1ym)q[m]q+2q[m]q(1r=0m(1qry)ym+1)}+1(1+q)[m+1]q. (9)

Proof. By simple computing, one has

[j]q/[m+1]q[j+1]q/[m+1]qtdqt=qj(1+q)[m+1]q2((1+q)[j]q+1).

Then,

Rm,q,λ(t;y)=[m+1]qj=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)qj[j]q/[m+1]q[j+1]q/[m+1]qtdqt=[m+1]qj=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)qjqj[m+1]q2([j]q+11+q)=j=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)[j]q[m+1]q+j=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)1(1+q)[m+1]q=[m]q[m+1]qj=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)[j]q[m]q+1(1+q)[m+1]qj=0mb~m,j(y;q,λ)=[m]q[m+1]qB~m,q,λ(t;y)+1(1+q)[m+1]qB~m,q,λ(1;y).

In view of (5) and (6), we obtain desired sequel (9).

Lemma 2.4. Let y[0,1], 0<q1, λ[1,1] and m > 1. Then, we have

Rm,q,λ(t2;y)=y22qmy2[m+1]q+q2my2[m+1]q2+[m]qy[m+1]q2(2q+1+(q2+q+1)(1y)q2+q+1)+λy[m+1]q([m]q1)(q[m]qy(1ym1)+(q2+3q+2)(1ym)q2+q+1)2[m]qλ[m+1]q([m]q21){(q2+3q+2)y(1ym)(q2+q+1)[m]q+q3y3[m1]q(1ym2)+q(q3+3q2+5q+1)y2(1ym1)q2+q+1}λq[m+1]q2([m]q21){[m]q[m+1]qy2(1ym1)(3q2+2q+1)[m+1]qy(1ym)q(q2+q+1)+3q2+2q+1q(q2+q+1)(1r=0m(1qry)ym+1)}+2λ[m]q[m+1]q2([m]q21){q[m1]q[m+1]qy3(1ym2)+(q3+q2+2q1)[m+1]qy2(1ym1)q(q2+q+1)(3q2+q1)[m+1]qy(1ym)q2(q2+q+1)+3q2+q1q2(q2+q+1)(1r=0m(1qry)ym+1)[m]q}+1(q2+q+1)[m+1]q2. (10)

Proof. As in previous Lemmas, again using the definition of q-integral, we get

[j]q/[m+1]q[j+1]q/[m+1]qt2dqt=qj([j+1]q2+[j+1]q[j]q+[j]q2)(q2+q+1)[m+1]q3.

By the fact that [j + 1]q = 1+q[j]q, one can has the following easily:

Rm,q,λ(t2;y)=1[m+1]q2j=0mb~m,q,λ(y)([j]q2+(2q+1)q2+q+1[j]q+1q2+q+1)=[m]q2[m+1]q2B~m,q,λ(t2;y)+(2q+1)[m]q(q2+q+1)[m+1]q2B~m,q,λ(t;y)+1(q2+q+1)1[m+1]q2B~m,q,λ(1;y).

Then, by (5), (6) and (7), we arrive at (10) so the proof is done.

Corollary 2.1. Let y[0,1], 0<q1, λ[1,1] and m > 1. As a consequence of Lemmas 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, we arrive the following central moments:

(i)Rm,q,λ(ty;y)qmy[m+1]q+y(1ym)[m]q1+2[m]qy[m]q21(1+ym[m]q+qy(1ym1))+1q[m+1]q([m]q+1)(1+r=0m(1qry)+ym+1+[m+1]qy(1ym))+[m]q[m+1]q([m]q21){2[m+1]qy2(1ym1)+2[m+1]qy(1ym)q[m]q+2q[m]q(1+r=0m(1qry)+ym+1)}+1(1+q)[m+1]q=:αm(y,q).(ii)Rm,q,λ((ty)2;y)q2my2[m+1]q2+[m]qy[m+1]q2(2q+1+(q2+q+1)(1y)q2+q+1)+2y2(1ym)[m]q1+4y2[m]q([m]q21)(1+ym[m]q+qy(1ym1))+y[m+1]q([m]q1)(q[m]qy(1ym1)+(q2+3q+2)(1ym)q2+q+1)+2yq[m+1]q([m]q+1)(1+r=0m(1qry)+ym+1+[m+1]qy(1ym))+1q[m+1]q2([m]q21){(3q2+2q+1)[m+1]qy(1ym)q(q2+q+1)+[m]q[m+1]qy2(1ym1)+3q2+2q+1q(q2+q+1)(1+r=0m(1qry)+ym+1)}+2[m]qy[m+1]q([m]q21){(q3+3q2+2q+2(q2+q+1)[m+1]qy)(1ym)q2(q2+q+1)[m]q+q[m1]q[m+1]qy3(1ym2)+(2(q2+q+1)[m+1]qy+q(q3+3q2+5q+1))y(1ym1)q2+q+1}+2[m]q[m+1]q2([m]q21){(q3+q2+2q+1)[m+1]qy2(1ym1)q(q2+q+1)+3q2+2q+1q2(q2+q+1)(1+r=0m(1qry)+ym+1[m]q)+q[m1]q[m+1]qy3(1ym2)+(3q2+q+1)[m+1]qy(1ym)q2(q2+q+1)}+2y(q+1)[m+1]q+1(q2+q+1)[m+1]q2=:βm(y,q).

Remark 2.1. It can be seen that for a fixed q(0,1), mlim[m]q=11q. In order to provide the convergence results, we get the sequence q: = (qm) such that 0<qm<1,qm1,1[m]qm0 as m.

3  Convergence Results of R\ttextit{m, q, }λ(μ;\ttextit{y})

In this section, we first introduce a Korovkin-type approximation theorem for Rm,q,λ(μ;y). It is a known fact that, the space C[0, 1] denotes the real-valued continuous function on [0, 1] and equipped with the norm for the function μ as μC[0,1]=y[0,1]sup|μ(y)|.

Theorem 3.1. Assume that q:={qm} satisfies the conditions as in Remark. Then, for all μC[0,1], λ[1,1], y[0,1] and m > 1, we have

mlimRm,qm,λ(μ;.)μ=0. (11)

Proof. Consider the sequence of functions es(y) = ys, where s{0,1,2} and y[0,1]. According to the Bohman-Korovkin theorem [37], we have to show that

limmRm,qm,λ(es;.)es=0, for s=0,1,2. (12)

The proof of (12) follows easily, using (8), (9) and (10). Hence, we get the required sequel.

Now, we will estimate the order of convergence in terms of the usual modulus of continuity, for the function belong to the Lipschitz type class and the Peetre’s K-functional. By first, we symbolize the usual modulus of continuity of μC[0,1] as follows: ω(μ;η):= 0< a≤ηsup supy[0,1]|μ(y+a)-μ(y)|. Since η>0, ω(μ;η) has some useful properties see details by [38]. Also, we present an element of Lipschitz continuous function with LipL(ζ), where L > 0 and 0<ζ1. If the expression below: |μ(t)-μ(y)|L|t-y|ζ,(t,y), holds, then one can say μ is belong to LipL(ζ).

Also, the Peetre’s K-functional is defined byK2(μ,η)= infνC2[0,1]{μ-ν+ην}, where η>0 and C2[0,1]={νC[0,1]: ν,νC[0,1]}.

Taking into account [39], there exists an absolute constant C > 0 such that

K2(μ;η)Cω2(μ;η),η>0 (13)

where ω2(μ;η)= 0< z≤ηsup supy[0,1]|μ(y+2z)-2μ(y+z)+μ(y)|, is the second order modulus of smoothness of μC[0,1].

Theorem 3.2. Assume that q:={qm} satisfies the conditions as in Remark 2.1. Then, for all μC[0,1], λ[1,1], y[0,1] and m > 1, we obtain |Rm,qm,λ(μ;y)-μ(y)|2ω(μ;βm(y,qm)), where βm(y,qm)=Rm,qm,λ((ty)2;y) same as in Corollary 2.1.

Proof. Taking |μ(t)μ(y)|(1+|ty|δ)ω(μ;δ) into account and after operating Rm,qm,λ(.;y), we get |Rm,qm,λ(μ;y)-μ(y)|(1+1δRm,qm,λ(|t-y|;y))ω(μ;δ). Utilizing the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz inequality, it follows:

|Rm,qm,λ(μ;y)μ(y)|(1+1δRm,qm,λ((ty)2;y))ω(μ;δ)(1+1δβm(y,qm))ω(μ;δ).

Choosing δ=βm(y,qm), which completes the proof.

Theorem 3.3. Assume that q:={qm} satisfies the conditions as in Remark 2.1. Then, for all μLipL(ζ), 0<ζ1, y[0,1], λ[1,1] and m > 1, we obtain |Rm,qm,λ(μ;y)-μ(y)|L(βm(y,qm))ζ2.

Proof. Let μLipL(ζ). Using the linearity and monotonicity properties of the operators (4), therefore

|Rm,qm,λ(μ;y)μ(y)|Rm,qm,λ(|μ(t)μ(y)|;y)=[m+1]qmj=0mb~m,qm,λ(y)qmj[j]qm/[m+1]qm[j+1]qm/[m+1]qm|μ(t)μ(y)|dqmtL([m+1]qmj=0mb~m,qm,λ(y)qj[j]qm/[m+1]qm[j+1]qm/[m+1]qm|ty|ζdqmt).

Using the Hölder’s inequality and with p1=2ζ and p2=22ζ, one has 1p1+1p2=1. Hence, we may write

|Rm,qm,λ(μ;y)μ(y)|L([m+1]qmj=0mb~m,qm,λ(y)qj[j]qm/[m+1]qm[j+1]qm/[m+1]qm|ty|2dqmt)ζ2L(Rm,qm,λ((ty)2;y))ζ2L(βm(y,qm))ζ2.

Hence, Theorem 3.3 is proved.

Theorem 3.4. For all μC[0,1], y[0,1] and λ[1,1], the following inequality holds true |Rm,q,λ(μ;y)-μ(y)|Cω2(μ;12βm(y,q)+(αm(y,q))2)+ω(μ;αm(y,q)), where C > 0 is a positive constant, αm(y,q) and βm(y,q) are same as in Corollary 2.1.

Proof. Firstly, we define the following auxiliary operators:

R^m,q,λ(μ;y)=Rm,q,λ(μ;y)μ(Rm,q,λ(t;y))+μ(y). (14)

In view of (8) and (9), we find R^m,q,λ(t-y;y)=0.

Using Taylor’s expansion, one has

ξ(t)=ξ(y)+(ty)ξ(y)+ty(tu)ξ(u)du,(ξC2[0,1]). (15)

After operating R^m,q,λ(.;y) to (15), yields

R^m,q,λ(ξ;y)ξ(y)=R^m,q,λ((ty)ξ(y);y)+R^m,q,λ(ty(tu)ξ(u)du;y)=ξ(y)R^m,q,λ(ty;y)+Rm,q,λ(ty(tu)ξ(u)du;y)Rm,q,λ(t;y)y(Rm,q,λ(t;y)u)ξ(u)du=Rm,q,λ(ty(tu)ξ(u)du;y)Rm,q,λ(t;y)y(Rm,q,λ(t;y)u)ξ(u)du.

Considering (14), we get

|R^m,q,λ(ξ;y)ξ(y)||Rm,q,λ(ty(tu)ξ(u)du;y)|+|yRm,q,λ(t;y)(Rm,q,λ(t;y)u)ξ(u)du|Rm,q,λ(|yt(tu)||ξ(u)||du|;y)+yRm,q,λ(t;y)|Rm,q,λ(t;y)u||ξ(u)||du|ξ{Rm,q,λ((ty)2;y)+(Rm,q,λ(t;y)y)2}{βm(y,q)+(αm(y,q))2}ξ.

On the other hand using (8), (9) and (14), it deduce the following:

|R^m,q,λ(μ;y)||Rm,q,λ(μ;y)|+2μμRm,q,λ(1;y)+2μ3μ. (16)

With the help of (15) and (16), we get

|Rm,q,λ(μ;y)μ(y)||R^m,q,λ(μξ;y)(μξ)(y)|+|R^m,q,λ(ξ;y)ξ(y)|+|μ(y)μ(Rm,q,λ(t;y))|4μξ+{βm(y,q)+(Rm,q,λ(t;y))2}ξ+ω(μ;αm(y,q)).

On account of this, if we take the infimum on the right hand side over all ξC2[0,1] and in view of (13), we arrive

|Rm,q,λ(μ;y)μ(y)|4K2(μ;{βm(y,q)+(αm(y,q))2}4)+ω(μ;αm(y,q))Cω2(μ;12βm(y,q)+(αm(y,q))2)+ω(μ;αm(y,q)).

Hence, we obtain the proof of this theorem.

4  Graphical and Numerical Examples

In this section, we present some graphics and error estimation table to see the convergence behaviour of Rm,q,λ(μ;y) operators to a function.

Example. Consider the function

μ(y)=1sin(πy)

on the interval [0, 1].

In Fig. 1, we demonstrate the approximations of Rm,q,1(μ;y) and Rm,q,1(μ;y) operators to μ(y) for different values of m and q.

In Fig. 2, we show the approximations of Rm,q,0(μ;y) and Rm,q,1(μ;y) operators to μ(y) for m = 10 and q = 0.9.

Also, in Table 1, we calculate the maximum error of approximation of Rm,q,λ(μ;y) operators for some values of m, q and λ in view of μ(y).

images

Figure 1: The convergence of Rm,q,λ(μ;y) operators to μ(y)=1sin(πy) for λ=1, λ=1 and different values of m and q

images

Figure 2: The convergence of Rm,q,λ(μ;y) operators to μ(y)=1sin(πy) for λ=0, λ=1, m = 10 and q = 0.9

images

It is obvious from Table 1 that, in case λ=1 and as the value m increases than the absolute error bounds of |μ(y)Rm,q,1(μ;y)| are smaller than |μ(y)Rm,q,0(μ;y)|. Namely, our newly defined operators (4), in case λ>0 has better approximation than Kantorovich type q-Bernstein polynomials.

5  Conclusion

In this work, we introduced a Kantorovich type of q-Bernstein operators based on the Bézier basis functions with shape parameter λ[1,1]. Due to the parameter λ, we have more flexibility in modeling. Some approximation properties of these operators such as a Korovkin type convergence theorem and as well as the order of convergence concerning with the usual modulus of continuity, Lipschitz-type functions and Peetre’s K-functional are studied. Moreover, we made our work more intuitive by using some graphs and error estimation table. As future works, we may consider Durrmeyer and Stancu kinds of q-Bernstein operators with shape parameter λ.

Authors Contributions: The authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgement: We thank Fujian Provincial Big Data Research Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing of China.

Funding Statement: This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (Grant No. 2020J01783), the Project for High-Level Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Quanzhou (Grant No. 2018C087R) and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province University.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

References

 1.  Bernstein, S. N. (1912). Démonstration du théorème de Weierstrass fondée sur le calcul des probabilités. Communications of the Kharkov Mathematical Society, 13(1), 1–2. [Google Scholar]

 2.  Lupas, A. (1987). A q-analogue of the Bernstein operator. Seminar on Numerical and Statistical calculus, vol. 9, pp. 85–92. Cluj-Napoca. [Google Scholar]

 3.  Phillips, G. M. (1997). Bernstein polynomials based on the q-integers. Annals of Numerical Mathematics, 4, 511–518. [Google Scholar]

 4.  Oruç, H., Phillips, G. M. (2003). q-Bernstein polynomials and Bézier curves. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 151(1), 1–12. DOI 10.1016/S0377-0427(02)00733-1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

 5.  Nowak, G. (2009). Approximation properties for generalized q-Bernstein polynomials. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 350(1), 50–55. DOI 10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.09.003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

 6.  Aslan, R., Izgi, A. (2020). Ağırlıklı Uzaylarda q-Szász-Kantorovich-Chlodowsky Operatörlerinin Yaklaşımları. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(1), 137–149. [Google Scholar]

 7.  Mursaleen, M., Khan, A. (2013). Generalized q-Bernstein-Schurer operators and some approximation theorems. Journal of Function Spaces, 2013. DOI 10.1155/2013/719834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

 8.  Dalmanoğlu, O., Dogru, O. (2010). On statistical approximation properties of Kantorovich type q-Bernstein operators. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 52, 760–771. DOI 10.1016/j.mcm.2010.05.005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

 9.  Acar, T., Aral, A. (2015). On pointwise convergence of q-Bernstein operators and their q-derivatives. Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, 36, 287–304. DOI 10.1080/01630563.2014.970646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

10. Mahmudov, N. I., Sabancigil, P. (2013). Approximation theorems for q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators. Filomat, 27, 721–730. DOI 10.2298/FIL1304721M. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

11. Neer, T., Agrawal, P. N., Araci, S. (2017). Stancu-Durrmeyer type operators based on q-integers. Applied Mathematics and Information Sciences, 11(3), 1–9. DOI 10.18576/amis/110317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

12. Gupta, V. (2008). Some approximation properties of q-Durrmeyer operators. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 197, 172–178. DOI 10.1016/j.amc.2007.07.056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

13. Karsli, H., Gupta, V. (2008). Some approximation properties of q-Chlodowsky operators. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 195, 220–229. DOI 10.1016/j.amc.2007.04.085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

14. Dalmanoğlu, O. (2007). Approximation by Kantorovich type q-Bernstein operators. Proceedings of the 12th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Mathematics, pp. 113–117. Cairo, Egypt. [Google Scholar]

15. Kac, V., Cheung, P. (2001). Quantum calculus. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. [Google Scholar]

16. Khan, K., Lobiyal, D. K., Kilicman, A. (2018). A de Casteljau Algorithm for Bernstein type Polynomials based on (p, q)-integers. Applications and Applied Mathematics, 13(2), 997–1017. [Google Scholar]

17. Khan, K., Lobiyal, D. K. (2017). Bézier curves based on Lupas (p, q)-analogue of Bernstein functions in CAGD. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 317, 458–477. DOI 10.1016/j.cam.2016.12.016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

18. Farin, G. (1993). Curves and surfaces for computer-aided geometric design: A practical guide. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. [Google Scholar]

19. Sederberg, T. W. (2007). Computer aided geometric design course notes. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University. [Google Scholar]

20. Cai, Q. B., Zhou, G., Li, J. (2019). Statistical approximation properties of λ-Bernstein operators based on q-integers. Open Mathematics, 17, 487–498. DOI 10.1515/math-2019-0039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

21. Mursaleen, M., Al-Abied, A. A. H., Salman, M. A. (2020). Chlodowsky type (λ, q)-Bernstein-Stancu operators. Azerbaijan Journal of Mathematics, 10, 75–101. [Google Scholar]

22. Rahman, S., Mursaleen, M., Acu, A. M. (2019). Approximation properties of λ-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators with shifted knots. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 42(11), 4042–4053. DOI 10.1002/mma.5632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

23. Cai, Q. B., Lian, B. Y., Zhou, G. (2018). Approximation properties of λ-Bernstein operators. Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2018(1), 61. DOI 10.1186/s13660-018-1653-7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

24. Özger, F. (2019). Weighted statistical approximation properties of univariate and bivariate λ-Kantorovich operators. Filomat, 33(11), 3473–3486. DOI 10.2298/FIL1911473O. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

25. Özger, F. (2020). On new Bézier bases with Schurer polynomials and corresponding results in approximation theory. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics, 69, 376–393. DOI 10.31801/cfsuasmas.510382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

26. Özger, F., Demirci, K., Yildiz, S. (2020). Approximation by Kantorovich variant of λ-Schurer operators and related numerical results. In: Topics in contemporary mathematical analysis and applications, pp. 77–94, Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. [Google Scholar]

27. Özger, F. (2020). Applications of generalized weighted statistical convergence to approximation theorems for functions of one and two variables. Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, 41(16), 1990–2006. DOI 10.1080/01630563.2020.1868503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

28. Özger, F., Srivastava, H. M., Mohiuddine, S. A. (2020). Approximation of functions by a new class of generalized Bernstein-Schurer operators. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fsicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matemáticas, 114(4), 1–21. DOI 10.1007/s13398-020-00903-6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

29. Mohiuddine, S. A., Özger, F. (2020). Approximation of functions by Stancu variant of Bernstein-Kantorovich operators based on shape parameter α. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fsicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matemáticas, 114(2), 1–17. DOI 10.1007/s13398-020-00802-w. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

30. Srivastava, H. M., Ansari, K. J., Özger, F., Ödemiş Özger, Z. (2021). A link between approximation theory and summability methods via four-dimensional infinite matrices. Mathematics, 9(16), 1895. DOI 10.3390/math9161895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

31. Kumar, A. (2020). Approximation properties of generalized λ-Bernstein-Kantorovich type operators. Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo Series, 2(70), 505–520. DOI 10.1007/s12215-020-00509-2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

32. Acu, A. M., Manav, N., Sofonea, D. F. (2018). Approximation properties of λ-Kantorovich operators. Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2018(1), 202. DOI 10.1186/s13660-018-1795-7 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

33. Cai, Q. B., Torun, G., Dinlemez Kantar, Ü. (2021). Approximation properties of generalized λ-Bernstein-Stancu-type operators. Journal of Mathematics, 2021(2), 1–17. DOI 10.1155/2021/5590439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

34. Srivastava, H. M., Özger, F., Mohiuddine, S. A. (2019). Construction of Stancu-type Bernstein operators based on Bézier bases with shape parameter λ. Symmetry, 11(3), 316. DOI 10.3390/sym11030316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

35. Kantorovich, L. V. (1930). Sur certain dé veloppements suivant les polynômes de la forme de S. Bernstein I, II, pp. 563–568. CR Acad, URSS. [Google Scholar]

36. Cai, Q. B. (2018). The Bézier variant of Kantorovich type λ-Bernstein operators. Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2018(1), 90. DOI 10.1186/s13660-018-1688-9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

37. Korovkin, P. P. (1953). On convergence of linear positive operators in the space of continuous functions. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 90, 961–964. [Google Scholar]

38. Altomare, F., Campiti, M. (2011). Korovkin-type approximation theory and its applications. Berlin: de Gruyter. [Google Scholar]

39. DeVore, R. A., Lorentz, G. G. (1993). Constructive approximation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. [Google Scholar]

images This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.